Assessment Awramanat region for the development of Geotourism, And in line with regional registration proposal as a national-world Geopark
عبدالمجید
احمدی
دانشگاه بزرگمهر قائنات
author
علیرضا
تقیان
دانشگاه اصفهان
author
مجتبی
یمانی
دانشگاه تهران
author
سیدحجت
موسوی
دانشگاه کاشان
author
text
article
2018
per
Introduction
In recent decades many parts of the world is witnessing growth and industrial development have been young and Lucrative, The industry flourished not only substantial but also under the various division has been. Tourism industry today in some countries to one of newspapers’ headlines, the most widespread and the most pure industries has turned.
One of the important parts the industry enjoying nature and capacity of the natural environment to the capacity on the earth and form and processes related to this sector will be, with the titles that Geotourism and geotourism and the existence and many part of human life on the economy, income and entertainment under the influence have.
With regard to technology growth and vastness information world and communications can be received a systematic development of a region depended on identify different potentials of this region that In line with planning could be codified and principles along with proper management and stable region for presented. One of the greatest and the most widespread of the parts in recent decades many of the planners and local and regional managers to attract has tourism section especially tourism based on the enjoyment of the natural phenomenon of the courage it can be said in recent decades has had noticeable growth and has managed not only as a thriving industry with their not under many parts of divided.
Beside its cultural – historical enrichment, Iran has a very high climatical environmental diversity and geographical extent, which has made it possible to form diverse environmental and human potentials together. One of these empowered regions of our country, Iran regarding environmental potentials especially in Geotourism is Awramanat region in the west of Iran. Besides having cultural – historical enrichment, this region has enough enrichment concerning Geotourism and includes various forms and processes such as caves, a lake, rivers, springs, waterfalls, mountains and so on.
Methodology
Present research with the use of the Topsis model, along with making use of the study track on the classification priority Awramanat region Geotourism in line with proposed register it as Geopark has paid. While potential verification regions Rawansar, Javanrood, Paveh ,Marivan and Sarwabad province, and considering the capacity of the Geotourism like many caves, waterfalls, springs, mirage, River, lakes, the mountainous landforms, plain, and glaciation landforms and …. In the indexes of the cultural, social, Tourism standards and sustainable have been evaluated.
Case study
Awramanat region in this research included a combination of natural – Political area in west of Iran, between the southwest Kurdistan province and northwest Kermanshah Province. This area begging in rawansar Central Township in Kermanshah province and ended in the Marivan Township in Kurdistan province.
The region is located in the Eastern longitudes in rawansar city (Kermanshah province) of 34°43′1" to 46°39′44" and the Northern latitudes in marivan city (Kurdistan province) of 35°32′33" to 46°7′38" (Valadbeygi, 2004: 44)In terms of political division's paveh and rawansar and javanrood townships are located in Kermanshah province and marivan – sarwabad townships are located in Kurdistan province. In terms of natural, this region are located in south of shahoo mountain.
Results and discussion
The results show that regions of Rawansar and Paveh province has the highest potential of the Geotourism and tourism standards and lasting privileges with 0/53794 and 0/4451 the classification priority of the First and Second Geotourism Development.
The provinces of Sarwabad, Javanrood and Marivan with privileges. 0/346528, and 0/276529, and 0/258873 the third priority to the fifth priority of Geophotourism development allocated.
Conclusion
The final results showed that Rawansar region has the first priority, because there are the most more of Geotourism attractions such as Rawansar Lake, Ghori Ghaleh Cave, and Kavat Cave in the region. This despite the fact that other regions have the potential to attract tourists. This research has been emphasized more on Geotourism phenomena, but no other parameters Tourism. For example, we can mention the potentials of establishing the border markets and commercial centers for Javanrood City. Also, Paveh City and Marivan City have the ability to attract the winter tourism and the foreign tourism, respectively.
Therefore proposed considering the capacity of the existing in each of these areas each as a pole or a separate tourism section the planning and management.
Quantitative Geomorphological Research
Iranian Association of Geomorphology
22519424
4
v.
4
no.
2018
1
16
https://www.geomorphologyjournal.ir/article_78015_0ba6fc3a455cfc6a2f8a6eea6b3f15f2.pdf
Overview of karst landforms characteristics in the gypsum layers
امیر
صفاری
دانشگاه خوارزمی
author
عزت اله
قنواتی
دانشگاه خوارزمی
author
فرشاد
علیجانی
دانشگاه شهید بهشتی
author
زکیه
محمدی
دانشگاه خوارزمی
author
text
article
2018
per
Introduction
Evaporite formations, many of which include thick gypsumunits, are covered 8% of the Earth's surface and underlie about 25% of the continental surface of the Earth. Gypsum (CaSO4.2H2O) is readily soluble in water. Therefore, karstic landscapes on gypsum terrains develop and are degraded much faster than they do on limestone or carbonate rocks .Because of its high solubility and dissolution rate, gypsum karst can evolve on a human time scale rather than a geological time scale. In spite of its widespreadoccurrence and its relevant importance from the applied perspective (hazards, impacts, and resources), gypsum karst has received scarce attention andremains comparatively understudied. From the 1990s, gypsum karst study began in earnest worldwide and in Iran, these studies is very young and rarely documentation can be found has studied gypsum Karst especially. It can be said this branch of karst science still in its infancy. In fact, the lack of codified documentation about gypsum karst in the Persian language has been main motivation for writing this article. Actually, the goal of this paper is to describe gypsum kart, its landforms, its problems and its importance for human life.
Methodology
This study started with searching Gypsum karst in Science direct and Elsevier sites and fallowing with searching words such as Gypsum karst landform, Gypsum Karren, Gypsum sinkhole. Due to limitation resources, most of article were used in writing this paper. Most of the reviewed articles have been published in journals such as Geomorphology, Carbonates and Evaporites, Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, International Journal of Speleology، Engineering Geology, and Environmental Geology. Because of these articles were not similar, authors were unable to perform a systematic review or meta-analysis on the articles. So in this research, we have tried to provide a narrative review of the gypsum karst concepts, gypsum landforms and their problems.
Results and discussion
The reviewed articles have studied on various aspects of gypsum karst including geomorphology, geology, environmental hazards, civil engineering, and hydrogeology. However, even when the gypsum karst applied aspect studies, geomorphological survey is an essential part of them. Therefore, based on case studies and those are particularly focused on karst gypsum geomorphology, authors have provided an overview of the gypsum karst concepts, gypsum Karst outcrops in the world and Iran, Gypsum and carbonate Karst differences, and then have discussed about surface gypsum karst landforms (such as Sinkhole, Karren, Poljes, Tumuli and Polygons, Escarpments and Landslides, Blind valleys and Springs, and morpho-structures generated by interstratal dissolution of gypsum and subsidence of the overlying rocks), and their problems.
Conclusion
Due to the high rate of dissolution in the gypsum formation, occurrence mapping of the gypsum formations in surface and underlying has high importance, Because even if these area have not specific gypsum karst features currently, they can be susceptible to dissolution with natural and human factors such as irrigation, water harvesting, construction and dewatering of dams, mining, or even minor changes in climate at a short time. Study of gypsum karst features during the time also is very essential, because they can show significant changes in short periods of times. In addition to the gypsum surface karstification, Interstratal karstification can cause cap rock collapse sinkhole, subsidence, and also lead to creation of suitable aquifer in such area.
Although gypsum karst has many features in common withcarbonate karst, it shows significant peculiarities mainly due tolithology type and characteristics of stratigraphic formations (sedimentary environments of them). Rapiddissolution may substantially weaken the gypsiferous rockmass at a human timescale. Consequently, karst morphologies form and evolve much faster in gypsum than in carbonate rocks. Moreover Gypsum has a lower mechanical strength and a moreductile rheology than carbonate rocks whereas carbonate rocks are very resistant and brittle. Gypsiferous formations commonly include more soluble salts (e.g., halite, sylvite, and glauberite), and thin marl units. Interstratal dissolution of interbedded salts induces the development of fractures and breccia’s in the overlying and interbedded gypsiferous sequence, providing pathways for groundwater flows. While carbonate formation often are seen the thick and dense layers.
Study of Gypsum landforms indicate that the differences in form and size of them are as a result of combination various factors processes including dissolution, reprecipitation, recrystallization, changes in the volume of the outer layer of the rocks, other weathering process, and gypsum lithology and stratigraphic formations characteristics. This means that, in spite of dominating the dissolution in gypsum karst landscapes the other processes can have a significant role in development of gypsum landforms. We should not neglect tectonic evolution and climatic conditions, because they also play an effective role in creating a variety of landforms and development of karstification in such areas.
In environmental management, surface gypsum Karst landforms can be separated into two general categories. The first category is hazardous landforms and the second category is surface landforms without hazard. Sinkholes, subsidence and gypsum cliffs and earthquakes locate in the first category because they can cause many hazards for man-made Constructions and human life. The second category includes Karen , Tumuli and Polygons, Poljes, blind valley, springs, and Breccia pipes that not only are hazardous, but also sometimes can be beneficial (for example, gypsum karst springs as sources of groundwater and breccia pipes can be used as construction materials). Of course, those sinkholes that intersect the water table or occur in groundwater discharge zones that create constant or seasonal lakes locate in the second category.
In general it can be said, Understanding the geomorphology, hydrology, and underlying geology are essential for developing and managing gypsum karst areas. Local or national planning based on careful investigation, can permit safe development of gypsum karst areas. So due to the gypsum formations are covered 80000 square of kilometers of the Iran’s surface (however we have not exact information about gypsum formations underlie the continental surface of Iran) identification of gypsum landforms, mapping of them and providing susceptibility and hazard maps of them (specially sinkholes and subsidence), and also local hydrogeology survey are crucial for development and public safety in these region.
Quantitative Geomorphological Research
Iranian Association of Geomorphology
22519424
4
v.
4
no.
2018
17
39
https://www.geomorphologyjournal.ir/article_78016_b37dac12ba7a2d391c4d7d29d9e76dd2.pdf
Using a sub-pixel/pixel spatial attraction model for landform classification
مجید
حجتی
دانشگاه تهران
author
مرضیه
مکرم
دانشگاه شیراز
author
text
article
2018
per
The most important subject in quantitative geomorphology is increasing of spatial resolution to increase the information in the digital elevation model (DEM). Different models have been used to improve the spatial resolution. Among the different models, sub-pixel/pixel spatial attraction model as the newest model is very high accuracy. In the study area was used the sub-pixel/pixel spatial attraction model for the first time to improve the spatial resolution DEM in the southern city of Darab (Qalatuyeh). The sub-pixel attraction models convert the pixel towards sub-pixels based on the fraction values in neighboring pixels that can be attracted only by central pixel. Based on this approach only a maximum of eight neighboring pixels can be selected for the attraction. In the model other pixels are supposed to be far from the central pixel to have any attraction. In this study by using sub-pixel attraction model the spatial resolution of digital elevation models (DEM) was increased. The design of the algorithm is accomplished by using digital elevation model (DEM) with spatial resolution of 30 m (Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER)) and 90 m (Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM)) in the north of Darab, Fars province, Iran. In attraction model scale factors of (2,3,4) with two neighboring methods of touching and quadrant are applied to DEMs using Matlab. As the result, it showed that the spatial attraction model with scale factor of (S=3) gives better results compared to scale factors that are greater than 2 and also touching neighborhood method proved to be more accurate then quadrant (RMSE=8.07). In fact, subtracting each pixel to more than two sub-pixels caused to decrease the accuracy of resulted DEM which makes to increase the value of root-mean-square error (RMSE) and showed that attraction models could not be used for S which is greater than 2. So according the results is suggested that used the model for increasing spatial resolution of DEM in the studies catchment. In order to preparing the geomorphology map using topographic position index (TPI) used DEM with scale factor of (S=3) and touching neighboring as input data (the new DEM with high spatial resolution) in the GIS software. Also the results show that areas of mountain tops, high ridges, local ridges/hills in valleys, upper slopes, mesas, open slopes, plains small, u-shaped valleys was more than DEM 90 in sub-pixel model. While the area of midslope ridges, small hills in plains,, upland drainages, headwaters, midslope drainages, shallow valleys, canyons, deeply incised streams lower than DEM 90 in sub-pixel model. The results of landform classes were extracted by using TPI with the new DEM and the extracting of attraction model showed that landforms have more details and are separable than the landform map preparing with DEM 90m.
Quantitative Geomorphological Research
Iranian Association of Geomorphology
22519424
4
v.
4
no.
2018
40
55
https://www.geomorphologyjournal.ir/article_78017_51893b6570c8afab55957b2a40dab82a.pdf
Space identity and its role in Iran civil nuclear generation
محمدحسین
رامشت
دانشگاه اصفهان
author
طیبه
محمودی
دانشگاه اصفهان
author
مژگان
انتظاری
دانشگاه اصفهان
author
عباسعلی
ولی
دانشگاه کاشان
author
علی
ربانی
دانشگاه اصفهان
author
text
article
2018
per
Introduction
Iran is a diverse land that diversity and differences in land and cultural more than 71 denominations, religion, people and language, and dozens of landscape different spatial and geomorphic is marked by such characteristics. This feature, according to classical geographers and sociologists have identified the cause of national weakness and always as a potential political challenges that have been mentioned however geographical new perspectives as the most important foundation territory of the same features of our national unity is guaranteed throughout history, they learned. The option to influence the events replicated when another dimension of space,Transtextuality space shape and location creates land identity. So as to cause questions of the organization of the geographic space between places and people in the know and the independence of the apparent distinction between deep link in the spatial organization that created and Iran as a whole unit is defined (Babajamali, 2014,17). Iran geographical system is a land of diverse landscapes linked together and creates a single space and identity and location of cities, villages and civil systems or other mental canvas of our land as defined and the results of crystallization of mirror the identity land.
Materials and methods
To achieve the research objectives of layers composed of two sets of the existing identity of place (6 elements) and social - cultural factors (22 elements) prepared and then define the relationship and linkage between evaluation matrix and 28 categories of information, two layers multivariate of space and civilization converted and then using analysis convex mirror laws (Gioncoli, 1991, 92) mercury content of this layer was assessed. The analysis of thirteen cities in central Iran was put to the test data show the core of a multi-layered identity of place and in that the circuit k, L and M in a simulation of a core model (Nils boor) will played.
Discussion and Results
In this study, for the processing of space identity concept a mathematical model morphometry
and the convex mirror used with a digital model of space identity describes such a process was attempted. In this model, the definition of a Civic Production Mass (CPM), Ice Production Mass (IPM), the radius of the mass production of ice (R), the radius of a crime of civilization (R1) calculate the radius of space identity (F) was discussed. Figure 1)
Then, with the extraction of concepts such as Knowledge Production Mass (NPM) and Culture Production Mass (CPM) each of these two factors were deemed equivalent to the area of a circle and thus the production of knowledge equivalent radius (R) and the production of culture (R1) were extracted. Figure 2 get a radius of space identity numbers (F) and matrix identity den central cities compared to the urban space and the Nils boor core model were developed and based on the model of the central cities were classified into three groups according to space identity Figure 3.
Figure 2 algorithms to calculate the radius of the identity of civil society in Central Iran
Then calculate the radius of the city's social identity (C), and based on the principles and rules of convex mirrors, the relationship between space identity and social identity crime while they can act as a marker of identity is being determined. This means that if a city's identity as a place to mirror radius and its distance from the mirror to the social identity of the mercury; it can be evaluated in the convex mirror. The central convex mirror of radius is equal to 6.27 times the distance of the mirror is 18.78 with social identity and this is the 13-city is being assessed and the necessary conditions for mirror gained.
Conclusion
With regard to the examination of space and social identity cities of Iran the definition of a special mathematical relationship between mass culture (CM), the mass of ice making (IPM), the radius of the mass production of ice (R), the radius of a crime of civilization (R1), the radius of space identity (F), mass production of knowledge (NPM), mass production of culture (CPM), the radius of the mass production of knowledge (r), the radius of the mass production of culture (r1), and the radius of social identity (C) was the requirement for evidence of these factors to model Nils boor and assess their space identity is being prepared and the overall result was to assess the relationship of the following:
* Konam is space identity in the Iran central city based on nuclear Nils boor model creates three circuit
in cities Ray, Kashan, Esfahan and Damghan in a group as a circuit (L) cities of Mashhad, Sabzevar, Nishapur, Semnan, Shiraz as the group focused on another group (K) and the third group in the city of Yazd, Kerman and Bam as circuit (M)
* It is space identity Iran central cities. This concept means the environmental differentiation isolated not only in Iran which is a fraction of an integral whole created as a mirror, as if broken the whole time there will be a mirror image of each of the fractions and mirrors cannot be separated from each other and show the detailed components. These words reveal the secret history of independence and knowledge of Iranian culture takes as well as to emphasize the environmental differentiation of the law as a whole maintain diversity in the ecological system environment (human and natural) called Iran and that many projects in the past few decades of separatism remains the most unproductive due to space identity and socio-cultural links and relations of space identify and cultural social of this land and Iran central core as cultural sun, Iran land gives coherence to the whole unit.
Quantitative Geomorphological Research
Iranian Association of Geomorphology
22519424
4
v.
4
no.
2018
56
71
https://www.geomorphologyjournal.ir/article_78018_7af710247c202e58ccd07db324b4b3a7.pdf
Recent and Relict Glacial Morphodynamic Regions in Bidkhan Mountain
سمیه
ذهاب ناظوری
دانشگاه تهران
author
منصور
جعفربیگلو
دانشگاه تهران
author
احمد
عباس نژاد
دانشگاه شهید باهنر کرمان
author
سیدمحمد
زمان زاده
دانشگاه تهران
author
text
article
2018
per
Introduction
In order to study the development of mountainous areas, researchers try to determine the snow-lines in glacial and inter-glacial periods. Bidkhan mountain is located in the southeastern part of the central Iranian volcanic belt (i.e. Sahand-Bazman zone) in 29˚ 35 to 29˚ 40 northen latitude and 56 ˚ 25 to 56˚ 30 eastern longitude. Glacial and periglacial processes were effective in changing Bidkhan mountain morphology. Here we seek the relationship between these morphological features and current morphclimatic regions and climate change .
This study attempts to identify geomorphological evidence in the face of climate change and the relationship between these shapes in Bidkhan Mountain and current morphodynamic areas also climate change in the region. The preglacial forms say that most of the hereditary forms in areas outside the range of Quaternary glaciers, are the result of the cold climate. In this paper, information is associated with inherited forms of Bidkhan mountain can be used as indicators to demonstrate the preglacial conditions
Material and Method
Research methodology is descriptive and analytical. Data have been collected in two ways: from library to study the theoretical basis and research background, and in field to control basic maps information, and to identify landforms. To obtain necessary data for this research topographic maps of 1:25000, Landsat image Tm30m, Aerial photos:1:55000 and monthly precipitation and temperature data of synoptic station in Baft and Sirjan stations were employed. Also Arc GIS9.3 and ENVI4.8 softwares were used for image processing and analysis of spatial data.With regard to the relationship between temperature and precipitation with the present altitude morphoclimatic regions were recognized in the region , these regions were determined using Peltier(1995) Method.Cirques were distinguished using topographic maps, aerial photos and field survey. To carry out the investigation, descriptive method, field survey, and analytical methods were employed to study geomorphologic evidence of climate change.
Results and Discussion
In this paper we focus on glacial and periglacial processes that are major geomorphologic agents in Bidkhan Mountain.
According to tempreture gradiant and Peltier morphoclimatic classification method, present morphoclimatic in Bidkhan is semi-arid and arid.
Based on Topographic maps, aerial photos, satellite images and field survey , 32 cirques were recognized (Table1) in the study area. According to the results of this method, snowline was located at 3095 meter. By using precipitation and tempreture current snowline is determined at 5500 meter. Congenital features in Bidkhan Mount hillsides were identified which are the results of cold and humid climate during past times and are used as paleoclimatic/morphological indicators. Reconstruction of paleoclimate of this region was determined through literature review of the data published for this region and other similar regions in the northern hemisphere in addition to using geomorphologic phenomena.
Conclusion
Study of geomorphological evolution of the landscape of the region showed that the geomorphological features in mountain Bidkhan has been influenced by Quaternary climatic changes at least.
Average snow line by right method is 3100 meter , however current snow line is 5500 meter according to tempreture gradiant.
Based on the results of snowline determination and topographic features, average snow line on the northern and southern slopes, are respectively 3220 and 3129.13 meters, which show about 91 meters difference. Moreover, about 71% of ciques are located on the northern slopes that indicates the effect of topography on the formation of glacial cirque . According to the snow line in the last ice age glaciations, glacier and periglacier processes affected the study area. This is in contrast to current climatic data which shows the study area is affected by arid and semi arid morphoclimate. Additionally, one of the important reasons for the formation of glaciers in this mountain is the volcanic features and thick debris blanket on the surface of glaciers. Consequently, the formation of glaciers at these heights has been affected by the lithological conditions, as it has been affected by the temperature and precipitation changes.
Quantitative Geomorphological Research
Iranian Association of Geomorphology
22519424
4
v.
4
no.
2018
72
86
https://www.geomorphologyjournal.ir/article_78019_06abc73b1988e70efeaee0aedf3aa6d6.pdf
Evaluation of Tectonic features little effect on drainage networks
(Case Study: Basins Bar, Baqi and ghaleh meidan at southern slopes of mountains Binalu
جواد
جمال آبادی
دانشگاه حکیم سبزواری
author
محمدعلی
زنگنه اسدی
دانشگاه حکیم سبزواری
author
زهرا
فاتحی
دانشگاه حکیم سبزواری
author
مریم
رباط سرپوشی
دانشگاه حکیم سبزواری
author
text
article
2018
per
Introduction:
During the long yearsand scale geo-life of internal morphogenesis processes, large areas of the planet have extensive changes. Iran's Land of as part of the Alps-Himalayas is that tectonically active zone of tectonic and seismic tectonic have special features (Zargarzadeh et al., 1388: 1). Therefore, evaluation of tectonic activity and its effects on regional development and land use planning and environmental management is very important. Because of these experiments will not be responsible for evaluating these activities, It seems necessary to quantify the behavior of tectonic movements. Quantitative measurements and numerical gives the opportunity sgeomorphologist to have real and tangible to evaluate and compare different landforms. (Gourabi and Nohegar, 177: 1386, Gholami, 3: 1389).
Field research, laboratory and numerical models show that the difference in the style of deformation and uplift of the bedrock, causing will be disturbanceinDrainage network. (Ribolini, A., Spagnolo, 253: 2008). Rivers are the earliest forms of environmental that react immediately to changes or changes in stream bed along the stream bed. the importance of Morphotectonic studies achieving results is often not possible through other methods to achieve themOr requires time and spending too much. For this purpose during the morphotectonic studies used indicators that can help in achieving the final result to be given to research. The effect of tectonic features Quantitative in drainage in four catchmentIncluding Bar (phases 1 and 2), Baqi and Ghaleh meidan at the South slopes of mountains Binalud in northeastern Iran were studied. Where in addition to indicators such as: aΔ, ga، R, Of the indicatorssuch as the shape of the basin (SΒ) and index WLSB (the ratio of the average width along the main river basin) have also been used.
materials and methods:
In this research in order to identify the effects of tectonic features Quantitative on drainage networks, Choose the four basin in the southern slopes of the mountains Binalud located in Razavi Khorasan province in Northeastern Political Range. Then, using topographic maps of 1: 50,000 Geographical Organization, were determined Boundarybasins.Digital maps required in GIS software and parameters needed in the index was calculated.It also aims to create maps of tectonic and geological maps of 1: 100,000 Geological Survey were used.Finally, correlation coefficient and regression analysis using statistical and graphical Exel was done.
Discussion:
To investigate the role of tectonic features Quantitative in drainage basins after the electionof basins,was calculated indicators such as hierarchical anomaly index, density anomaly, hierarchical, branching, and the length of the main stream basin to basin wide average.The values above∆ a shown are areas of active tectonics.The highest∆ a values in the studied area of the basin (2) (56/1) and the lowest∆ a amount of the basin (3) (83/0) is.Most of ga respectively basins (4) (24/48), 2 (79/10), 1 (05/10) and 3 (8) is.Index large amounts BS, elongated and high tectonic activity and values its small circular basin and areas to show deactivated.Mentioned indices inbasin 1 the most (18/2) and basin (4) (68/0) shows the lowest tectonic activity.Index of SLBW is the main channel length to the average width of the basin.The highest values of these indicators in the area of study of the basin (1) (79/6), and the lowest values of this index is for the basin (4) (297/0).Which respectively have the highest and lowest tectonic activity.The correlation coefficient and coefficient of determination between the various parameters and linear relationship were drawn.Accordingly we can say that there is thedirect relationship between the LSBW, BS and indirect relationship between the ga, R there.
Conclusion:
Results obtained from the indexs reflects the high sensitivity of these basins Against tectonic forces .Accordingly we can say that the overall results of all indicators show that the basin (1) (Baqi) had the most active tectonic and then basin (2) Bar phase 2) is placed.Two other basins in the next stage and appear less tectonic activity.Considering with the results of the studies, it is necessary to do any development planning, land use and environmental management were based on the maps hazard results.While avoiding any risky practices in order to optimize the use of natural resources and reduce the adverse effects of any planning step.While in many countries around the world because of the weakness databases reliable and cost of field and laboratory techniques, methods and empirical indicators can help identify areas of passive and active tectonic experts and planners in environmental planning and development area to use.
Quantitative Geomorphological Research
Iranian Association of Geomorphology
22519424
4
v.
4
no.
2018
87
103
https://www.geomorphologyjournal.ir/article_78020_6134941d6eafb73ac25a05ea333dbd97.pdf
Evaluation activities Neotectonics using geomorphic indicators (case study: Northwest Kabirkuh anticline)
زینب
پاینده
دانشگاه طبرستان چالوس
author
محمدرضا
ثروتی
دانشگاه شهید بهشتی
author
فاطمه
شفیعی
دانشگاه طبرستان چالوس
author
text
article
2018
per
Introduction
Tectonic geomorphology of the study Landform affected by tectonic activity formed and evolved deals. Landform in tectonically active regions, the result of a complex combination of vertical and horizontal movements of crustal blocks and erosion or deposition by surface processes are (Ioannis et al. 2006, p. 211). Geomorphic indicators and geomorphic evidence for the relative simplicity of calculation, speed up the application, extract the required data from topographic maps, aerial photographs, and satellite and desired results are of great importance in studies Neotectonics. Zagros is active on the activities Neotectonics Mirzayi study (1997), more than 50% of the recorded earthquake occurred in Iran in the Zagros region and this region seismically active zone of the building. According to the study of seismic activity in the Zagros Neotectonics and enabled it vital to understand the situation in this zone is Neotectonics in each region. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the activities of Neotectonics using geomorphic indicators are in Kabirkuh anticline.
Materials and methods
The low values obtained from the geomorphic characteristics (Hc, Smf, Vf, Hi, Af, SL) and field investigation Geomorphologically Geomorphic is used by the Neotectonics. To increase accuracy, the area was divided into 46 sub-basins and sub-basins of the items for each separate calculation. After the transfer layers of digital geographic information system (GIS) parameters were calculated. The hypsometric curve (Hi), the software MATLAB, was used. Then by using the quantitative data obtained from the IAT and geomorphic indicators of activity and the results of the study area Neotectonics geomorphic data were compared with Geomorphic.
Results
SL index assessment indicates that there are three classes Kabirkooh anticline tectonic activity and accordingly answer the eastern anticline with low activity Neotectonics and other parts of the anticline has a moderate and vigorous activity are. Hypsometric integral index values obtained between 0.2 to 0.96 which may ultimately revealed the presence of three tectonic class in the region Which is much lower than 0.5 and represents the topography of the area studied is old and mature. . The role of mass movements and water erosion, especially in karst valleys and low levels of these indicators is obvious. According Af Kabirkooh anticline 13 sub-basins in the class (1), 16 sub-basins in the class (2) and 17 sub-basins in class (3) are located. The index is the average Neotectonics plays. Vf index between 0.13 to 0.86, which varies in different lithology of this difference can be attributed valleys. Smf values obtained for the studied mountain fronts between 1.27 to 2.07 and the existence of two classes of active and less active to quiet Neotectonics (classes 2 and 3 tectonic) in the region. According to calculations based on IAT study area in terms of Neotectonics combination of three classes 3,2 and 4 Neotectonics activities that represent high, medium and low. There Geomorphologically as triangular surfaces, absence of foothills and deep valleys, alluvial fans fractionated, terraced terraces and floodplains in the formation of new terraces and vertical walls dominate the riverbeds indicates active movements Neotectonic indices manufacturing in the region.
Conclusion
Values obtained from geomorphic characteristics and classify them according to the IAT index shows that the study area is divided into three parts of activity Neotectonics out. The Southeast region in the east, with younger topography and Neotectonics activity is high. The second part consists of the western and eastern parts of the active medium is Neotectonics. The third part, which is scattered in the area occupied 15% of the total area, Neotectonics activity is low. Geomorphic also confirms the results of the geomorphic indicators. Finally, a summary of results indicators and geomorphic evidence and consideration of geomorphology and Lithology of the region It can be said that Neotectonics movements in different parts of the region has a total area of strength and weakness and Neotectonics-moving average.
Introduction
Tectonic geomorphology of the study Landform affected by tectonic activity formed and evolved deals. Landform in tectonically active regions, the result of a complex combination of vertical and horizontal movements of crustal blocks and erosion or deposition by surface processes are (Ioannis et al. 2006, p. 211). Geomorphic indicators and geomorphic evidence for the relative simplicity of calculation, speed up the application, extract the required data from topographic maps, aerial photographs, and satellite and desired results are of great importance in studies Neotectonics. Zagros is active on the activities Neotectonics Mirzayi study (1997), more than 50% of the recorded earthquake occurred in Iran in the Zagros region and this region seismically active zone of the building. According to the study of seismic activity in the Zagros Neotectonics and enabled it vital to understand the situation in this zone is Neotectonics in each region. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the activities of Neotectonics using geomorphic indicators are in Kabirkuh anticline.
Materials and methods
The low values obtained from the geomorphic characteristics (Hc, Smf, Vf, Hi, Af, SL) and field investigation Geomorphologically Geomorphic is used by the Neotectonics. To increase accuracy, the area was divided into 46 sub-basins and sub-basins of the items for each separate calculation. After the transfer layers of digital geographic information system (GIS) parameters were calculated. The hypsometric curve (Hi), the software MATLAB, was used. Then by using the quantitative data obtained from the IAT and geomorphic indicators of activity and the results of the study area Neotectonics geomorphic data were compared with Geomorphic.
Results
SL index assessment indicates that there are three classes Kabirkooh anticline tectonic activity and accordingly answer the eastern anticline with low activity Neotectonics and other parts of the anticline has a moderate and vigorous activity are. Hypsometric integral index values obtained between 0.2 to 0.96 which may ultimately revealed the presence of three tectonic class in the region Which is much lower than 0.5 and represents the topography of the area studied is old and mature. . The role of mass movements and water erosion, especially in karst valleys and low levels of these indicators is obvious. According Af Kabirkooh anticline 13 sub-basins in the class (1), 16 sub-basins in the class (2) and 17 sub-basins in class (3) are located. The index is the average Neotectonics plays. Vf index between 0.13 to 0.86, which varies in different lithology of this difference can be attributed valleys. Smf values obtained for the studied mountain fronts between 1.27 to 2.07 and the existence of two classes of active and less active to quiet Neotectonics (classes 2 and 3 tectonic) in the region. According to calculations based on IAT study area in terms of Neotectonics combination of three classes 3,2 and 4 Neotectonics activities that represent high, medium and low. There Geomorphologically as triangular surfaces, absence of foothills and deep valleys, alluvial fans fractionated, terraced terraces and floodplains in the formation of new terraces and vertical walls dominate the riverbeds indicates active movements Neotectonic indices manufacturing in the region.
Conclusion
Values obtained from geomorphic characteristics and classify them according to the IAT index shows that the study area is divided into three parts of activity Neotectonics out. The Southeast region in the east, with younger topography and Neotectonics activity is high. The second part consists of the western and eastern parts of the active medium is Neotectonics. The third part, which is scattered in the area occupied 15% of the total area, Neotectonics activity is low. Geomorphic also confirms the results of the geomorphic indicators. Finally, a summary of results indicators and geomorphic evidence and consideration of geomorphology and Lithology of the region It can be said that Neotectonics movements in different parts of the region has a total area of strength and weakness and Neotectonics-moving average.
Quantitative Geomorphological Research
Iranian Association of Geomorphology
22519424
4
v.
4
no.
2018
104
118
https://www.geomorphologyjournal.ir/article_78021_57f065056904f77001b7e0f7f2437f6d.pdf
Assessment and probability of landslide hazard zonation in Yaijelo basin with AHP model
ابوالفضل
مختاری اصل
اداره کل منابع طبیعی و آبخیزداری استان آذربایجانشرقی
author
مریم
رنجبریان شادباد
دانشگاه تبریز
author
text
article
2018
per
Introduction
Landslides are natural geological processes that have revolutionized ground clearance, re-form. Landslide is one of the most remarkable phenomena in environmental issues, watershed and natural resources. Landslide importance can be discussed and analyzed from various perspectives. The most important reason for the importance of this phenomenon, caused by the occurrence of damage to life and property it is. Iran, with vast mountainous areas, which make up half of the breadth of the country, having risen from active tectonic morphology, fracture and fragmentation of many, there are other reasons including lithology sensitive and vulnerable countries in terms of landslides are is. Nowadays people change the land use and expansion of communication networks, sensitive to the Earth's surface landslides, especially in mountainous areas has intensified. In the twentieth century, Asia has the highest incident of landslides (220 reported cases) to be allocated. America continent has the largest number of casualties (more than 2,500) and Europe has experienced the highest losses. Iran is some of the damage caused by landslides. If the damage caused by the 4900 landslide recorded (from 1372 to September 1386) in the country is estimated 126,893 billion rials. In this regard, landslide, relative probability of this phenomenon in a regional event, based on the specific environmental features of the area limits. In this way, the virtual ground level and degree of actual or potential risk to specific areas (low - high) is divided. Yayijilu catchment area in this study is that the basin and in the southwestern city of Ahar in East Azerbaijan province, and is one of Ahar Chai is a sub-basin. Given that one of the most consistent ways to reduce the effects of landslides in the basin, to identify areas prone to natural disaster and zoning of these areas based on their susceptibility to landslide. Landslide to benefiting from the capabilities of geographic information system (GIS) and a model (AHP) is sent.
Methodology
Yaijelo basin is in east Azarbaijan and southwest region Ahar. And is subbasin of the Ahar chai. The study area lies between the latitude of 38° 21΄ N to 38° 27΄N and longitudes of 46° 48΄ E to 46° 57΄E. At first , study area was investigated and determined its extent using satellite images of spot 2008 and 1:25000 topographic maps. In order to consider and landslide hazard zonation in the basin, the maps and data layers such as, lithology, slope, aspect, distance to basian drainage, the distance to the fault, elevation , land use and precipitation were prepared in the geographic information system (GIS). Then identified landslide in the study area by using, satellite images and field data. Then affecting factors were binary compared using analytical method by indicating the weight of each factor as indicator for their effects in occurrence of landslide. Accordingly, the landslide zonation hazard map was prepared to the use of weighed information layer and weighted coefficient of each factor. In the end , the presented model and zonation map were compared with observed landslide , and landslide index values and model accuracy were calculated .
Discussion and Results
The landslide phenomenon is one of environmental hazards which occur in yaijilo basin in southwest region Ahar. Therefore , creation of one regional strategy is very necessary to reduce its damages and maintains natural and human resourses, furthermore , landslide hazard zonation map can help research centers in environmental management and planning. In this study , GIS technique and AHP model have been used to achive goals. The result showed that integration of GIS technique and AHP model is a mighty method for preparation of landslide hazard zonation map in study area.
To determine the factors influencing landslide, data layers of elevation, slope, aspect, lithology, distance to fault, distance to river, land use were rainfall analyzed through overlaying the dispersion map of landslide. The results showed that elevation of 1900-2100 meters, slope 25- 45 percents, the east direction, Limestone, marl, sandston Formation, distance of higher 3000 meters from fault, distance of 200- 400 meters from river and finally land use agriculture lands are appropriate to landslide. The results are shown as table and landslide susceptibility maps.
Conclusion
In this study, Prioritization of landslide Effective Factors using AHP Model showed that slope, lithology, land use, distance to river, rainfall, distance to fault, elevation and aspect were found to be the most important factors affecting landslide. According to effective factors in landslide occurrence, the study area was zoned as various layers. Finally, landslide occurrence zones were recognized from very low risk to very high risk. The results are shown as five classes of landslide susceptibility. The result shown is about 2.36% of Yayjelo basin area very high probability of landslides in the area.. Also on 21.93 % probability of high, 45.38% of the average probability, 28.14 % at least and 3.21 % probability of occurrence is very low.
Quantitative Geomorphological Research
Iranian Association of Geomorphology
22519424
4
v.
4
no.
2018
119
133
https://www.geomorphologyjournal.ir/article_78022_0d025c13777cda234b9fcbbbb729162b.pdf
Estimate the amount of soil erosion in Marvdasht plain (Iran, Fars)
by RUSLE Model
احمد
انصاری لاری
دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد لارستان
author
مریم
انصاری
دانشگاه تبریز
author
text
article
2018
per
. Introduction
All living organisms on the planet and the integration of world civilization is soil. Soil erosion not only caused poor soil and desolate farms and in this way, leaves irreparable damages, but also causes enormous harms by sedimentation in streams and rivers, dam reservoirs and ports and reduce their intake capacity. Prediction of soil erosion, is always one of the most common methods in the management of natural resources inside basin for controlling of soil productivity and estimate the amount of sediment and water quality outside the basin.
Nearly 40 percent of the area in Iran is semi-arid region, In these areas, soil erosion is more than other areas because of inappropriate distribution of precipitation during the year and weakness vegetation, therefore, controlling soil erosion action is important in these areas, particularly in the agricultural lands.
2. Methodology
In this study, the amount of soil erosion has been studied in Marvdasht plain. For this, the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) model has been adopted in Geographic Information System (GIS) technique framework that include The R, K, LS, C, and P factors. Marvdasht plain is located in the south-west of Iran, Fars with an area about 3,600 square. To achieve the target, have been used Of various documents, such as topographic maps with the scale of 1: 50,000 including sheets Marvdasht I6549, Farough IV6649, Zarghan IV6549, Koushkak III6550, Sivand II6550, Saadat Shahr III6550,Dareyoun II6549, Rahmat Abad III6649 and Shiraz III6549 For analysis of topography, check slope and hydrographic network, elevation and quantitative analysis; geological maps of Shiraz and Sivand with a scale of 1: 100,000 for the stratigraphy, lithology, the nature of materials, geological structure, development stages and etc; soil map, Land use/land cover map, Vegetation map, monthly and annual precipitation data and Digital Elevation Model (DEM).
3. Results and discussion
In this study, RUSLE models in GIS environment has been used for estimate the amount of soil loss Marvdasht Plain Which shows Marvdasht Plain has highly variable topography. This determined with the range of zero to 5/51 of LS factor, the maps show Rain Erosion (R) factor is variable in the basin from 11.5693 to 75.3634 MJ mm ha, The erosion in the northeast is lower than the Southwest of basin. To prepare the C factor map were used land use and vegetation maps this factor is variable From 0.02 to 0.99 that represents a good vegetation in basin, more soil of the area has been formed of the Quaternary alluvial sediments which are composed of Quaternary sediments Include clay and silt and salt and sand that most extend in Central of Plain.
4. Conclusion
Evaluation of soil erosion risk map shows that amount of risk soil erosion is variable in the plain from 0 to 50 in tons per hectare per year. According to this map, the most part studied area was in the very low until low class (98%) Which mainly these classes were located in the center of the plain. About 0.5 percent of Marvdasht Plain was located under high erosion risk until extreme. Among these, the most high until extreme erosion risk areas were located in areas with high gradients in plain.
Quantitative Geomorphological Research
Iranian Association of Geomorphology
22519424
4
v.
4
no.
2018
134
149
https://www.geomorphologyjournal.ir/article_78023_ab88b31a683e9d2c49a291a8cb88b3b6.pdf
Comparison of efficiency MPSIAC and WEPP models with sediment observation to estimate the amount of soil erosion and sediment (Case study: gojan chal namad watershed Chaharmahal VA Bakhtyari province)
مهدی
پژوهش
دانشگاه شهرکرد
author
text
article
2018
per
Extended Abstract
Regarding the importance of water resources in arid and semi-arid regions, and also, sediment and soil erosion problems, it is necessary to explain proper management. Soil erosion and sediment yield are among the major limitations in the use of water and soil resources. For this reason, the objective of this study evaluate MPSIAC and WEPP models in predicting erosion and sediment and one of the sub basins gojan chalnamad watersheds. In this study, at first, all of the factors of the both models were collected and measured in each of the land units. Then, the files of each of the parameters of the model were made and calculated special sediment load. Sediment amount was estimated by the WEPP and MPSIAC models respectively 4.14 and 9.1 tons per hectare per year. With the amount of sediment (5.27 tons per hectare per year) and in comparison with the amount of sediment estimated by two models and data analysis, the results showed that WEPP model With 21 percent relative error in the estimation of sediment, with less error is estimated and estimate the amount of sediment has closer special observation sediment and the MPSIAC model to estimate sediment 72% relative error, the error estimate is over. The overall results showed that the WEPP model is better than the MPSIAC model to estimate sediment.
Introduction
Soil is formed complex processes that affect of the five main factors: climate, topography, parent material, vegetation and time. If the desirable of four main factors, long time is required for soil formation. Since, soil and water are the most important factors in ensuring human needs. The lack of maintenance of these will import damages. The main reason for degradation of water resources and soil disturbing the natural balance an area, it is the main cause of human manipulation and intervention. Since the soil erosion and sediment was one of the most natural complexes processes and many factors are involved, so it is very difficult an understanding of the factors in this process. MPSIAC model is an experimental model that the amount of erosion and sediment evaluated using the 9 key factors quantitatively. But this is not process model, while erosion and sediment yield for a process occurred. WEPP model is a new product of technology to estimate erosion, that in addition to abilities universal equation, it has been added many other capabilities.
Methodology
The study was carried out in the gojan chal-namad watershed, in the Chahar-Mahal-va-Bakhtyari province in Iran located between latitudes 32°11´ 26´´ and 32°16´34´´ N and longitudes 50° 24´46´´ and 50°32´11´´E. The study area was about 330.6 hectares. The soil moisture and temperature regimes of the region determined by means of Newhall software are Xeric and Mesic, respectively. The soils were classified according to the USDA classification system as the orders of Entisols, and Inceptisols.
In this study, the homogeneous regions map was prepared in Arcgis software from geological, topography, and geomorphologic land forms layers, then data of WEPP and MPSAIC models have collected.
Results and discussion
The simulation results of erosion and sediment in the form of hillslope of watershed showed that the amount of special erosion, total erosion, and special sediment and total sediment using WEPP model with 7.7ton/hac/yr, 2535.8ton/yr, 4.4ton/hac/yr, and 1370.4ton/yr, respectively.
The amount of sediment estimated using the WEPP and MPSIAC models, 4.4ton/hac/yr and 9.4ton/hac/yr respectively.
A comparison of WEPP and MPSIAC models with the amount of sediment observation showed that WEPP and MPSIAC models have 21% and 78% error in estimating sediment respectively.
Conclusion
According to the results of this research, however MPSIAC model uses more variable to estimate sediment yield, but the estimate of this model 1.7 times the amount of observed sediment and it has about 72% error in the amount of observation sediment. Although WEPP model has about 21% error in the amount of observation sediment. Generally using the WEPP model to estimate the amount of erosion and sediment nearer to the observed results presented.
Quantitative Geomorphological Research
Iranian Association of Geomorphology
22519424
4
v.
4
no.
2018
150
165
https://www.geomorphologyjournal.ir/article_78024_d5c6e8867bf0649077f2ac766a176387.pdf
Management (recognition and Prioritize) Geomorphosites using Entropy and Saw methods (Case study: Sardasht city Geomorphosites)
ممند
سالاری
دانشگاه کردستان
author
هیمن
شهابی
دانشگاه کردستان
author
سامرند
سالاری
دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد سردشت
author
text
article
2018
per
Introduction:
In fact nowadays tourism has become a dynamic and pervasive industry in the form of a worldwide system, so that it can be said that it is one the most successful industries in the world. Thus nowadays new concepts have appeared in tourism field and it is divided into different parts with different motives and goals. Among these new concepts and fields, geotourism has been introduced as one of the most common kinds of tourism in countries of the world. For more specialized, Geomorphotourism, was initially defined as a tourism which includes geographical features of a site, it also includes environment, culture, aesthetics, heritage and inhabitants. Thus Geomorphosites are significant capabilities in the formation of stable tourism, But Planning and systematical management are very important in this process.
Sardasht region is one of these regions which is rich in geotourism potentials and is in high level in terms of variation of geotourism capacities resulted from internal and external dynamic process over the time and it can be called museum of natural (geotourism) attractions. Thus, in this study, geomorphosites of Sardasht town is identified, introduced, studied and prioritized by viewpoint of
management view and multi-attribute decision making models (Entropy and Saw models.
Materials and Methods:
Regarding subject of study, research method was based on library and field study and statistical analysis as well as using mathematical models (multi-attribute decision making), contain Entropy and Saw models. In addition, topography and geology maps with GPS were other research material and tools.
The aim of using MADM model is selecting best alternative among available alternatives which this selected alternative has the highest or most optimal value, thatformulated according matrix. Then, bipolar scale is used for conversion of qualitative criteria to quantitative ones. In order to make different measurement scales comparable (per different indexes) indexes should become scaleless, so that all columns of above matrix have similar unit (from corresponding vector) and subsequently their comparison would be easy and simple. Among different methods for doing so, linear norm is used in this study regarding kind of problem.In this norm, each component (rij) of decision-making matrix is divided into sum of values (rij) in each column; that is,
Then, Entropy method is used for evaluation of values for indexes of a multiple- attribute- decision- making. In other words, entropy in information theory is a scale for degree of non certainty defined by a probabilistic distribution (P < sub>i).
This non certainty is defined as :
Then for calculation of weight of each index, we have following relation according Adjusted Entropy: is symbol of irregularity and is weight related to index j.
Finally, for prioritize the Geomorphosite, Saw Model(Simple- additive- weighting method) is used according the following relation:
Discussion and Results:
At first, the five Geosites include: A1: Shalmash waterfall,A2:Calcic spring of Gravan, A3: Vazne Plain,A4:Bevran andA5:Zab region were identified. Then, based on four indicators as :x1:visual attraction of site, x2: access to site and having recreational and service centers, x3: extendible space or site readiness developing infrastructuresAnd x4: number of tourist attractions of site, analyzed.
Four this goal: Decision-making matrix was determined based on view of DM for 5 Geosites and 4 indexes.Due to the variety of Geosites and indexes, values in the matrix from 1 to 9 are different. In addition, result from scaleless in order to calculations( normalized vector) involve a different numerical range. In the next step, through Entropy, Geosites were evaluated and weighted. The results were as follow: W1'= 0.0670 , W'2 = 0.7604 W'3= 0.1035 , W'4 = 0.0690. So, Therefore, in accordance with Entropy model: A'2 . To carefully study and validation, adjusted entropy was used. Result of adjusted Entropy was the same as result obtained from Entropy.
Finally, This result(from Entropy) is used for prioritizing Geosites by using Saw model. Thus from following relationship (that is, by summing up rows of weighted matrix components and selecting highest value) the best alternative is defined: A1 A2 A4 A5 A3. Based on output of these models and calculations, alternatives are prioritized as following:
Shalmash waterfall site
Calcic spring of Gravan
Bevran site
Zab site
High plain of Vazneh
Conclusion:
By systematic approach that has been used in this study, it was found the study area due to the internal and external dynamics processes (tectonic and climate), from the perspective of geotourism is very strong.finally, with Multi- criteria decision- making methods(Entropy and Saw) geosites were identified and prioritized. Findings also indicate priority of Shalamsh waterfall, Gravan calcic spring, residential region of Beavran, Zab sites and finally high plian of Vazneh.the survey showed in the superiority of geosites, natural and geomorphological indexes as visual attraction of the site and the uniqueness of the main phenomenon with the number of attraction within the geosites is important. Confirms for this reasoning is the Shalmash waterfall and Gravan spring geosites. The result also showed that parameters such as access to the site with space index and readiness to develop infrastructure despite the weakness of the city of sardasht faintly have been effective in prioritizing. Also, confirm for this result is the Vazne site that located at last priority.
The final results showed that the development and improvement of management and human indices, particularly accelerating access roads(Sardasht- Bukan) and geometric correction and development of space in the geosites with the information necessary to create sustainble success geotorism.
Quantitative Geomorphological Research
Iranian Association of Geomorphology
22519424
4
v.
4
no.
2018
166
180
https://www.geomorphologyjournal.ir/article_78025_4f30feefc5e2146817613b5e62f47f3f.pdf
Landslide Risk Assessment using statistical methods in Barandoz Chai basin
وحید
محمد نژاد
دانشگاه ارومیه
author
صیاد
اصغری
دانشگاه ارومیه
author
text
article
2018
per
Extended abstracts
Introduction
Iran with mostly mountainous topography, tectonics activities and earthquakes, diverse geological and climatic conditions have natural and suitable conditions for a wide range of landslides. In Iran, landslides Imposes 500 billion into the financial damage annually. In a general definition landslides are movement of rock, debris or soil under the influence of gravity. Landslide susceptibility maps, are an important tool for regional planning. The purpose of Landslide susceptibility maps is separation surface homogeneous areas, according to the likelihood of instability due to mass movements in specific situations. Landslide zonation map process is based on the understanding of natural features and quantitative modeling based on data for the study area. These estimates could be considered as the basis for next steps and plan for the future development of the regional and local scale. Various effective factors on landslide are, altitude and aspect and slope, heavy rainfall and water penetration through cracks and gaps, large fault activity, drainage network, land use changes, variety and texture of rock and soil type that is effective in strength and permeability, region geology and human activities. The present study is an attempt towards development of a landslide model by using multi-criteria decision analysis in GIS and remote sensing techniques. Identify the most important factors affecting landslide occurrence within the catchment area and finally provide landslide hazard zoning map for study area.
Materials and methods
In the first step, Positions of 38 landslides were recorded in the Barandoz chai basin, was marked on the map. Identify factors that affect landslides occurrences and map of these factors were provided. Factors such as slope, aspect, rainfall, lithology, vegetation density, Distance or proximity to faults and rivers, type and depth of soil are affective in landslides occurrences. Therefore, 1: 25000 scale topographic maps was chosen as the base map. Other information (secondary data) was derived from the different input data (e.g., slope and aspect from topographic maps). 1: 100,000 Geological map of study area, was used to identify rock units and fault density. Land use and vegetation maps developed using Landsat 8 (2014) and SPOT satellite images (2009) and the supervised classification method. This map were compared with previous land use and vegetation maps. The collectively called causal factors (primary and secondary data) were used as inputs into the statistic model. This was separately calculated to give the respective weight and was finally analyzed for the landslide susceptibility assessment in Barandoz chai basin. Finally, maps of landslide potential in the Barandvz chai basin have provided using hazard index method.
Result and discussion
In order to assess the vulnerability caused by the landslide, landslide potential map (risk factor), provided using the statistical method of hazard index. Noted that all the processes and maps providing, were performed in ArcGIS software. Slope map of basin produced using 1:25000 topographic maps and have been weighted using the hazard index formula. Other factors as well as have been weighted using the hazard index formula. It should be noted that the base of this method is landslide layer overlaying with each of the factors affecting landslides layers. Landslide potential map provided. This map separate to five classes including low potential hazard, moderate potential, moderate to high potential, high potential and very high potential. By calculating the respective weight for six different causal factors, it was recognized the area with S and SE aspect, mountain and semi mountain geomorphology, Scattered ranch land-use, laterite loam and clay, more than 30 degree for were among the most susceptible areas for landslide occurrence. The results show areas of high and very high potential have been scattered in West and Central East of basin. In order to evaluate the validity of the method Cross Validation was used and was estimated 80.79 percent for study area. This amount represents the model's accuracy.
Conclusion
By calculating the respective weight for six different causal factors, it was recognized the area with S and SE aspect, mountain and semi mountain geomorphology, Scattered ranch land-use, laterite loam and clay, more than 30 degree for were among the most susceptible areas for landslide occurrence. The results showed that 38 percent of total area of basin, has high and very high potential for landslide occurrence. Primarily due to the lack of reliable and high-resolution rainfall fields, few statistical models have included rainfall variables as explanatory variables. The final landslide susceptibility map, with the combination of all the weights, yielded a satisfactory prediction of the landslide with a success rate of 80.79%. Despite the operational and conceptual limitations, landslide hazard assessment should be a suitable, cost-effective aid to land-use planning and hazard reduction. Effect analysis showed that slope played the most important role in the landslide analysis since slope bore the greatest weight. Therefore when all factor weights were added except for the weight of the slope, the resultant weight greatly diminished which in turn reduced the percentages of landslide.
Quantitative Geomorphological Research
Iranian Association of Geomorphology
22519424
4
v.
4
no.
2018
181
191
https://www.geomorphologyjournal.ir/article_78026_1756fda140c65020d2e530a3375d53d9.pdf