@article { author = {hoseinzadeh, mohamad mehdi and nosrati, kazem and derafshi, khabat}, title = {The study of sedimentary and mineralogical characteristics of old and recent flood plain sediments in Saqqez River}, journal = {Quantitative Geomorphological Research}, volume = {5}, number = {4}, pages = {1-18}, year = {2018}, publisher = {Iranian Association of Geomorphology}, issn = {22519424}, eissn = {}, doi = {}, abstract = {INTODUCTIONRivers, as one of features in terrestrial landscape, are sensitive to changes that regulate their forms against a wide range of internal and external forces over time. River sediments are significant and long, although disconnected, archives of earth landscapes evolution as well as many Quaternary sedimentary sequences that reflect the reactions of drainage systems to changes in sea level and past environments. River systems are very complex due to the dynamics involved in their formation, thus controlling the different phases of aggradation, degradation, and pedogenic processes. Analysis of mineral provenance is an importance task to better understand of river dynamics and climatic changes in this region, which is reflected in different weathering intensities. Aggradation phases can be recognized by selective sorting of particles due to differential entrainment and transport. This is especially seen in characteristics of heavy minerals, such as density, grain size and shape. In general, the sorting may be a result of ancient depositional environments and provenance of sediments. In rivers with high sedimentation rates, heavy minerals are affected by considerable sorting before they reach the alluvial plain. Active deposition across the floodplains of rivers arises through a variety of processes. Floodplains are rarely passive recipients of diffuse overbank sediments across tabular relief. Instead, river floodplains have an intricate ‘depositional web’ with an array of linked depressions and channels that may both span and connect significant expanses of ponded water. Deposition in and beyond this undulating topography takes a variety of forms. The range of out-of-channel sedimentation processes alongside larger rivers may collectively be characterized as spillage phenomena, active at flood-stage, and particularly, but not exclusively, bordering main channels or channel belts raised above valley floor level to create strong lateral elevation contrasts.STUDY AREASaqqez River basin with an area of 865 square KMs is located in northwest margin of Sanandaj-Sirjan zone. From a morphological view, middle parts of the study basin are largely constituted of Cretaceous clastic and volcanic rocks have a mild topography accompanied by low-lying hills and flat erosion levels. METHODOLOGYThe main purpose of this study is the investigate of compliance of lithological units distribution of Saqqez river basin with mineralogical characteristics of old and recent flood plain sediments then determine the effects of study basin qualification on these characteristics. Physical and chemical analyses were used to investigate the characteristics of flood plain sediments.  14 samples were collected from flood plains along main tributary of the river including eight and six samples from recent and old sediments respectively; the junctions of tributaries branches to main river are the sampling locations. Old sediment samples were analysis by XRD to recognizing the cement type of old sediment. Thin sections were prepared from the samples to study of mineralogical, point counting, compliance of lithological unit’s distribution of the basin with mineralogical characteristics of sediments and statistical analysis of mineralogical and sedimentary data. In laboratory, thin sections were investigated using polarizing microscope in two modes of Plain Polarized Light (PPL) and Cross Polarized light (XPL) for the purpose of determining samples shape and sediments type. Point counting of the samples was done through visual method and microscopic interpretation. Mann-Whitney test was used to delineate of mineralogical differences between old and recent flood plain sediments; then factor analysis was used to specify of the effective principal components on differences in mineralogical and sedimentary components. RESULTS and DISCUSSIONThe results of XRD analysis showed that the cements type of conglomerate gravel fragments is calcite in all river terraces outcrops. Physical investigations about the components of sediments and identifying the parent rock of sediments revealed that sediments nature are include fluvial sediments, sandy gravely sediments, coarse-grained fluvial deposits (unconsolidated sediments). Volcanic, metamorphic (Schist) and sedimentary (Shale) rock fragments are formed the main components of sandy carbonate mudstone. Regarding to the results of statistical analysis, a difference between two group’s sediment samples in terms of mineralogical and sedimentary components is meaningful due to polycrystalline quartz, schist and volcanic fragments. Based the results of factor analysis, the first principal component with rationalization of 32.2% of variance regards with polycrystalline and schist as strongly positive and regards with volcanic as strongly positive. CONCLUSIONA brief look at dispersion of lithological units across Saqqez river basin indicates that the rock unit of Schist is located either near main channels of rivers or downstream the basin where river terraces are formed. Accordingly, the hydrological and topographical conditions of the basin are organized in a way that transport of schist rock fragments to downstream might happened due to the main tributaries thus increase the frequency of Schist; as it is proved in the present study by the point counting of conglomerate rock fragments.}, keywords = {Flood plain,Conglomerate,Mineralogy,Factor analysis,Saqqez River}, title_fa = {بررسی ویژگی‌های رسوبی و کانی‌شناسی رسوبات قدیمی و جدید دشت سیلابی رودخانه سقز}, abstract_fa = {رودخانه­ها، یکی از عناصر موجود در سرتاسر چشم­انداز قاره­ای و حساس به تغییرات بوده که فرم خود را در طی زمان در برابر دامنه وسیعی از نیروهای درونی و بیرونی تنظیم می­کنند. هدف اصلی این مطالعه، بررسی ویژگی­های کانی­شناسی رسوبات قدیمی و جدید دشت سیلابی رودخانه سقز، انطباق پراکنش واحدهای لیتولوژی با یافته­های کانی­شناسی و بررسی تأثیر شرایط زهکشی حوضه موردبررسی بر روی این ویژگی­ها است. بر این اساس، 14 نمونه از رسوبات دشت سیلابی در امتداد شاخه اصلی رودخانه سقز (شامل هشت نمونه از رسوبات جدید و شش نمونه از رسوبات قدیمی) در محل اتصال شاخه­های فرعی به رودخانه اصلی جمع­آوری شد. در ابتدا، کربنات­های سیمانی نمونه­های قدیمی برای بررسی ویژگی­های دیاژنزی و شناسایی نوع سیمان رسوبات قدیمی تحت آنالیز XRD قرار گرفتند. سپس از نمونه­ها مقاطع نازک تهیه شدند تا مطالعات کانی­شناسی، دانه­شماری، انطباق پراکنش واحدهای لیتولوژی در سطح حوضه با یافته­های کانی­شناسی و در ادامه تحلیل­های آماری بر روی داده­های به‌دست‌آمده صورت گیرد. به‌منظور مشخص نمودن تفاوت­های کانی­شناسی و اجزای رسوبی تشکیل‌دهنده رسوبات قدیمی و جدید دشت سیلابی از آزمون من - ویتنی و برای تعیین مؤلفه­های اصلی تأثیرگذار بر تغییرات کانی­شناسی و اجزای رسوبی از تحلیل عاملی استفاده شد. نتایج XRD نشان داد که سیمان بین قطعات گراولی کنگلومراها در تمام رخنمون­های پادگانه رودخانه­ای از نوع کلسیت می­باشد. با توجه به نتایج تحلیل­های آماری، تفاوت میانگین دو گروه رسوبات قدیمی و جدید دشت سیلابی رودخانه سقز به لحاظ کوارتز پلی­کریستالین، شیست و ولکانیک معنی­دار می­باشد. بر اساس نتایج تحلیل عاملی، مؤلفه اول با توجیه 2/32 درصد از واریانس به‌صورت قوی مثبت با کوارتز پلی­کریستالین و شیت و به‌صورت قوی منفی با قطعات ولکانیکی مرتبط است. واحد سنگی شیست در بیش­تر موارد یا در نزدیکی محل آبراهه­های اصلی حوضه و رودخانه سقز قرارگرفته و یا در پایین­دست حوضه و محل تشکیل پادگانه­های رودخانه­ای سخت شده (کنگلومرا) واقع‌شده است.}, keywords_fa = {دشت سیلابی,کنگلومرا,کانی‌شناسی,تحلیل عاملی,رودخانه سقز}, url = {https://www.geomorphologyjournal.ir/article_78061.html}, eprint = {https://www.geomorphologyjournal.ir/article_78061_f30fd02dc36d1616e579f60a5da10d07.pdf} } @article { author = {yamani, mojtaba and maghami moghim, gholamreza and arab ameri, alireza and shirani, kourosh}, title = {Presenting the modern hybrid model for Increased accuracy of Landslide susceptibility mapping with emphasis on geographical weight regression model (GWR) (case study: Dezolya basin , Isfahan province)}, journal = {Quantitative Geomorphological Research}, volume = {5}, number = {4}, pages = {19-40}, year = {2018}, publisher = {Iranian Association of Geomorphology}, issn = {22519424}, eissn = {}, doi = {}, abstract = {Introduction :The landsides are one of the most common catastrophic natural dangers that occur in many regions of world and cause to hundreds milliard dollar economic loss and hundreds thousand mortality and injuries yearly. During recent years, many governments and research institutions have invested in assessing the landslide risks for preparing the maps that indicate the landslides spatial distribution (Gusset et al 1999). Regardless the obtained progresses for identifying, measuring, forecast and warn systems of landslide, but yet the losses result from landslide are increasingly in the worldwide (Schuster 1996). The harmful losses of landside is relatively very high in Iran and have been caused to very much mortality. For example, In Spring of 1377, the Abikar village in the Bazoft region of chaharmahal bakhtiyari buried under high volume of soil and stone and all of its habitants died (Ali mohammadi and colleagous 1388). In this research, a modern hybrid approach of GWR-SVM-FR have been used. It’s worthy to note that different degrees of parameters effect maybe occur in studied region so that with local changing in one basin, the effect of one parameter will change (Emer, Düzgün 2010). For removing this problem in this research, the geographical weight regression model have been used for preparing landslide sensitive map that is an innovation and evolution for preparing the landslide sensitive maps. Methodiligy:The used data in this research for extracting the environmental parameters including: geology map in 1:100000 scale, topography map in 1:50000 scale, aerial images with high quality in 1:40000 scale, satellite images ETM+ , ASTER data with 30m accuracy, precipitation data of climatology station in a 30 years period. Many researchers have confirmed the correlation between various environmental factors with landslide event (liu et al 2004). According to these researches and studied region specifications 23 environmental factor selected for predicting the landslide sensitive regions including geomorphological, geological, hydrological and environmental factors. In the next step, for screening the parameters, the AHP method have used (figure 15). 12 parameters, among 23 parameters selected for executing the model .In the next stage, the studied region divided to 25 divisions by using GWR method and the numbers of each 12-fold parameters in each division determined by using SVM method. The FR method used for determining the sub-criterion weight too. In the last step, after executing the SVM-FR model for each division, the maps merged altogether and the final map of landslide sensitive zoning obtained.. Results and discussionThe results of criterion ranking in 25-fold regions with SVM model indicated that in the most regions, the lithology, TPI and surface curvature parameters have had too effect in landslide occurring that conform with research results (Ahmad Abadi and Rahmati 1394, Regmi, Jaafari et al 2014). The results of assessing the landslides sensitive according to frequency ratio model indicated that the effect amount of every class of effective factors in landslide have been specified according to accumulation of occurred landslide in that class (table 2). Just as indicated in table 2, the height parameter in 3190-4000 m class with frequency ration of 2/131 have had the grates effect in landslide occurring, and the frequency ratio will decrease with decreasing the height. Pachauri& Pant 1992 suggested that higher heights indicate more sensitive to landslide. and etc. Table 2 indicate the results of relation of other parameters with landslides by using frequency ratio model. After calculating the weight of 12-fold parameters for every 25-fold regions by using back vector machines method and multiply it on the weight of mentioned factors classes by using frequency method, the weight maps added together and the landslide sensitive map obtained for every regions. Finally, the final map of landslide sensitive obtained by integrating the 25-fold regions maps. Conclusionresults indicated that hybrid model GWR-SVM-FR, have the higher accuracy (0/158) relative to SVM FR (0/247) and FR model (0/417). The results of this research conform with sabokbar et al 2016 investigation that believe GWR algorithm is very effective in upgrading the accuracy of landslide sensitivity. According to final results of hybrid method, in the studied region 138/89 hec (%5) locate in very low risk level, 33296/73 hec (%14/26) in low risk, 25894/52 hec (%92/79) in moderate risk, 543/15 hec (2/47 %) in high risk and 144/49 hec (% 2/66) is in very high risk.}, keywords = {Landslide,geographical weight regression model,Validation,Dezolya basin,Support vector machine model,frequency ratio}, title_fa = {ارائه مدل ترکیبی نوین به‌منظور افزایش دقت تهیه نقشه‌های حساسیت زمین‌لغزش با تأکید بر مدل رگرسیون وزنی جغرافیایی (GWR) (مطالعه موردی: حوضه دزعلیا، استان اصفهان)}, abstract_fa = {در این پژوهش یک مدل ترکیبی نوین به‌منظور افزایش دقت تهیه نقشه حساسیت زمین‌لغزش در حوضه دزعلیا، استان اصفهان که یک منطقه حساس نسبت به زمین‌لغزش می‌باشد ارائه‌شده است. بدین منظور در ابتدا با استفاده از مطالعه ادبیات تحقیق، تفسیر عکس‌های هوایی و خصوصیات منطقه مطالعاتی ۲۳ فاکتور مؤثر در زمین‌لغزش شامل فاکتورهای ژئومورفولوژیکی، زمین‌شناختی، هیدرولوژیکی و محیطی انتخاب گردید، سپس با استفاده از مدل AHP < /span> به غربالگری پارامترها پرداخته شد و تعداد ۱۲ پارامتر به‌منظور اجرای مدل انتخاب گردید. با توجه به این‌که میزان تأثیر پارامترها در زمین‌لغزش در بخش‌های مختلف یک حوضه یکسان نمی‌باشد به‌منظور رفع این مشکل از مدل رگرسیون وزنی جغرافیایی به‌منظور قطعه‌بندی حوضه موردمطالعه استفاده گردید و حوضه با استفاده از ۳ پارامتر لیتولوژی، TPI و انحنای سطح به ۲۵ قطعه تقسیم گردید و سپس مدل SVM-FR برای هر یک از قطعه‌ها اجرا گردید و درنهایت از تلفیق قطعه‌ها، نقشه نهایی پهنه‌بندی حساسیت زمین‌لغزش حاصل گردید. از ۸۴ زمین‌لغزش موجود در منطقه ۷۰ درصد (۵۹ زمین‌لغزش) به‌منظور اجرای مدل و ۳۰ درصد (۲۵ زمین‌لغزش) به‌منظور صحت سنجی مورداستفاده قرار گرفت. به‌منظور بررسی دقت و صحت مدل، به مقایسه مدل با مدل‌های SVM-FR و FR با استفاده از منحنی ROC پرداخته شد و نتایج نشان داد مدل ترکیبی دارای دقت پیش‌بینی بالاتری (۸۵۱/۰) نسبت به مدل SVM-FR (۷۴۲/۰) و مدل FR (۷۱۴/۰) می‌باشد. بر اساس نتایج حاصل از مدل ترکیبی ۵۱/۳۴۵۰ هکتار (۷۴/۲۰ درصد) از منطقه مطالعاتی در رده خطر زیاد و ۹۴/۴۴۱ هکتار (۶۶/۲ درصد) در رده خطر خیلی زیاد قرار دارد. با توجه به تأثیر شگرف مدل GWR در بالا بردن دقت نقشه‌های حساسیت زمین‌لغزش، استفاده از آن در پژوهش‌های مربوط به زمین‌لغزش توصیه می‌گردد.}, keywords_fa = {زمین‌لغزش,مدل رگرسیون وزنی جغرافیایی,اعتبار سنجی,حوضه دزعلیا,روش ماشین بردار پشتیبان,نسبت فراوانی}, url = {https://www.geomorphologyjournal.ir/article_78062.html}, eprint = {https://www.geomorphologyjournal.ir/article_78062_9961e2346d34b6eb871469b79d8281d5.pdf} } @article { author = {esfandiyari, fariba and rahimi, masoud and rahimi, mohsen}, title = {Analysis of lateral migration rate of Aras River using Transect method from 1987-2016 years (from khoda Afarin dam to Mil Moghan dam)}, journal = {Quantitative Geomorphological Research}, volume = {5}, number = {4}, pages = {41-58}, year = {2018}, publisher = {Iranian Association of Geomorphology}, issn = {22519424}, eissn = {}, doi = {}, abstract = {1. IntroductionRivers through production, movement and storage of sediments are one of the most important factors that modifying the earth’s surface. Lateral migration of rivers has been always associated with the bank erosion of the streambed or channel wall due to turbulent flow condition of water. River Migration channel occurred in a corridor or region, so it in some cases creates the problems for whom living in this region. Many people lose their houses, farmland, infrastructure and even their livelihoods because of migration and erosion of the river channel. In this study, Aras River channel migration during the past 29 years (1987 to 2016) was evaluated using transects methods. This river have a great importance in relation to water supply in the northwestern parts of the country. Moreover, in the large distances, forms Iran boundary line with the countries of Armenia and Azerbaijan. Therefore, research on the lateral changes of river becomes necessary. 2. MethodologyTopographic maps with scale of 1: 50,000, digital elevation model (DEM) with 27 m resolution, and satellite imagery (Landsat 5 TM satellite sensor& Landsat 8 OLI satellite sensor) are most important materials in this research. Studied channel reach of Aras River for two time periods, 1987 and 2016 were extracted by processing satellite images. Then, channel based on morphology and changes trend was divided into 13 transects, and quantitative indicators were calculated for each transect. Moreover, the extent of the lost or added land area on both banks of the river were calculated with respect to changes in transects area.3. Results and DiscussionStudy of lateral migration of Aras River showing high change in late 29 years. The average of channel migration rate in the study reach of Aras River is about 4.73 meters per year, which is a significant value. According to the studies, meanders of the river channel are active, and the formation of new meanders, meanders migration as a result of erosion and create cutoff frequently occurs with a relatively high rate. By comparing the mean values of the central angle and rate of channel migration can be said, in transects that planform is the developed meandering river, the rate of channel migration is higher. But in a few transects where the river tends to be a straight pattern. In the study area, according to the past changes trend, channel changes have occurred due to three major reasons: (1) channel migration in the floodplain due to the erosion of concave banks of meander loops, (2) occur cutoffs through development and nearing the base of meanders, which its effects can be seen as an abandoned channel, and (3) occur avulsion in the parts of the river channel. In fact, large quantities and unusual migration rate in some transects related to the avulsion. Most likely, the avulsion caused by the river flooding, especially in the spring and disturbances due to the confluences. 4. ConclusionIn some cases, combined these factors associated with interventions variables such as effects of confluences has caused the channel movement is very significant, and the unusual. The results indicated that the average of channel-migration rates for the Aras River (Between two dams) was about 4.73 meters per year during the past 29 years. During the period from 1987 to 2016 as a result of due to channel-migration of river approximately 171.48 hectares of land were added to the Iran and in contrast at about 376.26 hectares has been inaccessible. It is suggested that more attention be accurately assess changes in trans-border rivers.}, keywords = {river morphology,Lateral migration,Transect Method,Aras River}, title_fa = {تحلیل میزان مهاجرت عرضی مجرای رودخانه ارس با استفاده از روش ترانسکت در طی سال‌های 2016-1987 (از سد خدا آفرین تا سد میل مغان)}, abstract_fa = {در این پژوهش، میزان مهاجرت مجرای رودخانه ارس در طی 29 سال گذشته (در بازه زمانی 1987 م، 1366ه.ش تا 2016م، 1395ه.ش) با استفاده از روش ترانسکت موردبررسی قرار گرفت. در ابتدا مجرای رودخانه برای دو دوره زمانی با استفاده از پردازش تصاویر ماهواره‌ای سنجنده های TM، OLI، لندست 5 و 8 به دست آمد. سپس با توجه به مورفولوژی و میزان مهاجرت مجرا، رودخانه ارس به 13 ترانسکت تقسیم‌شده و میزان مهاجرت مجرا بر اساس مهاجرت‌های صورت گرفته محاسبه شد. همچنین، با توجه به تغییرات ایجادشده در مساحت ترانسکت ها، وسعت اراضی ازدست‌رفته و یا اضافه‌شده در هر دو کرانه رودخانه محاسبه گردید. نتایج نشان داد که میانگین میزان مهاجرت مجرای رودخانه ارس در طول 29 سال گذشته (مابین دو سد) در حدود 73/4 متر در سال بوده است. در طی این دوره در حدود 48/171 هکتار به اراضی ایران افزوده‌شده و در مقابل حدود 26/376 هکتار از اراضی ایران درنتیجه تغییرات مجرا از دسترس خارج‌شده است. بر این اساس پیشنهاد می‌شود ارزیابی دقیق تغییرات رودخانه‌های مرزی موردتوجه بیشتری قرار گیرد.}, keywords_fa = {مورفولوژی رودخانه,تغییرات مجرا,مهاجرت عرضی,روش ترانسکت,رودخانه ارس}, url = {https://www.geomorphologyjournal.ir/article_78063.html}, eprint = {https://www.geomorphologyjournal.ir/article_78063_e5b9d5b5d3b9b07fefae9330d281f152.pdf} } @article { author = {jalini, maryam and sepehr, adel and lashkari poor, gholamreza and rashki, alireza}, title = {Morphometric correlation of land subsidence related fissures and edaphic variability over Neyshabour Plain}, journal = {Quantitative Geomorphological Research}, volume = {5}, number = {4}, pages = {59-75}, year = {2018}, publisher = {Iranian Association of Geomorphology}, issn = {22519424}, eissn = {}, doi = {}, abstract = {IntroductionLand subsidence related fissures caused by tectonic movements and human activities are developing along many plains of Iran considering arid and semi-arid areas. Two approaches in relation of extension of subsidence related fissures are dominant. One of them, considers tectonic as a main factor and other focus on ground-water depletion. The Nishabour plain is a critical plain in Khorasan-Razavi and Iran as well as the subsidence-related fissures are extending along recent decades and treat civilization of this region. The ground aquifer depletion rate is estimated 8 m/y in the region. In this study, has been assessed the correlation between fissures morphology and edaphic variability in four points with different fissures regarding fissures morphology dimensions.MethodologyAt the first, the basic data including maps of geology, topography, and geomorphology were prepared. The meteorological data were gathered between 1365-1395, GPS station data and groundwater level data during 1366-1394 were provided as well. The sampling was applied over four regions with different morphology of fissures, where a systematic sampling was used for each regions in two depths including surface (0-30cm) and deep (100cm). So 11 points in each region were collected and ultimately 88 soil samples were taken. Indices of soil texture, moisture, electrical conductivity, and pH were measured for each sample. The SPSS (version 22) was used for statistical analysis. A parametric and non-parametric methods was used based on normal distributions. Finally, to investigate the correlation between the morphology of the fissures with soil edaphic characteristics, a non-parametric Spearman correlation coefficient was used.Results and discussion:The statistical results for confidence coefficient 95% showed a significant amount between clay and sand in studied areas. There were significant differences between EC amounts in four regions. Soil pH values were not significantly different between the four regions. There was no significant difference between the amount of moisture content in four areas. Based on soil particle size distribution curve, the soil of studied regions are fine and coarse particles are in less. The results of Spearman correlation test indicated that coefficient of correlation between the fissures and moisture content is 0.677 with a significant relationship at the 95% confidence level. Also between the width of the fissures and variable moisture content, clay, and sand percent showed a significant correlation. The correlation coefficient between the depth of the fissures with moisture, sand, and clay are respectively, -0.703, 0.220 ,-0.378 with a significant at the 5% level of uncertainty.The results showed development of depth and length of fissures depend on soil moisture oscillations. Therefore, soil moisture is a main factor to dynamic of fissures morphology. The result also shows that depth of fissure is increasing with levels of electrical conductivity, thus electrical conductivity amount, disperse the soil particles and decrease the adhesion properties, and ultimately extend the fissures. With the increase in the percentage of sand, according to the adhesion less coarse-grained soils in fine soils, the size of the fissure intensified. So following increasing  fine particles due to high water capacity holding, which increase the soil moisture and so the width of the fissure is less developed.ConclusionThere are fissures in west, central and eastern Nishabour palin and the results obtained from GPS stations on the plains confirms the occurrence of land subsidence. The subsidence rate shows more than 10 centimeters per year. Active tectonic in the studied areas and over-exploitation of ground-water in recent years with drought conditions due to develop of big fissures in last decade. Unfortunately this phenomena treat agriculture and settlements life in the region with historical civilization. This research investigated correlation between edaphic and soil characteristics variability and subsidence-related fissures in Nishabour plain. The results of Spearman correlation showed that soil moisture content is a main factor in relation to fissures expansion. To control fissures expansion, the methods to avoid over-pumping is recommended in the region. Also modification of crop pattern and using new technologies in agriculture can be useful tool for decreasing damages to the lands.}, keywords = {}, title_fa = {بررسی همبستگی مورفومتری ترک‌های حاصل از فرونشست با تغییرپذیری ادافیک در دشت نیشابور}, abstract_fa = {در دهه اخیر، پدیده فرونشست به‌عنوان یک مخاطره ژئومورفیک، در بخش وسیعی از دشت‌های ایران در حال وقوع است. این پدیده با بروز ترک‌ها و شکاف‌هایی در روی زمین و آسیب زدن به سازه‌های سطح زمین شناخته می‌شود. هدف این مقاله بررسی ارتباط آماری بین تغییرپذیری ادافیک با تغییرات مورفولوژی ترک‌های حاصل از فرونشست زمین در دشت نیشابور می‌باشد. در ابتدا چهار منطقه در سطح دشت نیشابور شامل روستاهای بازوبند، کاریزک، بشرو و کلاته‌قنبر که شکاف‌های مرتبط با فرونشست در آن‌ها به لحاظ ویژگی‌های مورفومتری مانند عرض، طول و ژرفا برجسته و متفاوت هستند، شناسایی و انتخاب شد. در طول شکاف این مناطق نمونه‌برداری خاک به‌صورت سیستماتیک در دو حالت سطحی (30-0 سانتیمتر) و عمقی (100-30 سانتیمتر) صورت گرفت و اندازه‌گیری شاخص‌های مورفولوژی شامل عرض، طول و عمق شکاف انجام شد. به‌منظور بررسی ویژگی‌های فیزیکی – شیمیایی خاک، پنج مشخصه بافت، دانه‌بندی، درصد رطوبت، pH و هدایت الکتریکی نمونه‌ها تعیین شد. سپس با بهره‌گیری از آزمون‌های آماری ناپارامتریک، ارتباط بین ویژگی‌های فیزیکی- شیمیایی خاک با شاخص­های مورفولوژی شکاف­ها بررسی و تحلیل شد. ضریب همبستگی بین متغیرها نشان داد که رابطه بین شاخص طول شکاف و درصد رطوبت در سطح اطمینان 95 درصد، با ضریب همبستگی 677/0 معنی‌دار می‌باشد. همچنین نتایج نشان داد که همبستگی بین شاخص عمق شکاف با درصد رطوبت، درصد شن و درصد رس در سطح عدم اطمینان 5 درصد معنی‌دار می‌باشد. نتایج همبستگی آماری تأیید کرد که رطوبت خاک عاملی جهت گسترش ابعاد شکاف (عمق و طول) است. همچنین افزایش مقادیر هدایت الکتریکی نیز باعث افزایش ابعاد شکاف (عمق) در منطقه مطالعاتی شده است.}, keywords_fa = {فرونشست زمین,افت سفره آب زیرزمینی,شکاف زمین,دشت نیشابور,روش‌های آماری}, url = {https://www.geomorphologyjournal.ir/article_78064.html}, eprint = {https://www.geomorphologyjournal.ir/article_78064_aac2545518ccf35aef3e0ae6474afad2.pdf} } @article { author = {kheirizadeh, mansour and rezaei moghadam, mohamadhosein and rajabi, masoomeh and daneshfaraz, rasoul}, title = {Analyzing Lateral Changes of the Zarrineh-Roud River Channel Using Geomorphometric Techniques}, journal = {Quantitative Geomorphological Research}, volume = {5}, number = {4}, pages = {76-102}, year = {2018}, publisher = {Iranian Association of Geomorphology}, issn = {22519424}, eissn = {}, doi = {}, abstract = {IntroductionRivers are fed by water and sediment, and therefore respond to the inherent fluctuation of these inputs, often resulting in a continuous dynamic state. These fluctuations can occur naturally (droughts, floods), or be human induced (dams, hydraulic control structures) (Sixta, 2004: 13). The fluvial system changes progressively through geologic time, as a result of normal erosional and depositional processes, and it responds to changes of climate, base level, tectonics, and human impacts (Kondolf and Piegay, 2003: 105). On the other hand, River channel self-adjustment and variability may create hazards for humans in the form of floods, bank erosion, or bed scour around bridge piers (Wohl, 2004: 29). In this study, lateral changes of the Zarine Roud river channel (Jigati-Chay) have been investigated in during the last 30 years. Zarrineh river channel in the upstream Norouzlou diversion dam was divided into two reaches) from the beginning of the study reach to Shahindejh industrial town as the first reach and from the this town to the Norouzlou dam as the second reach) and in the downstream dam to Urmia Lake divided into three reach (from downstream of this dam to Miandoab city as the third reach and From Miandoab city to Chelik village as the fourth reach and From the village to the Urmia lake as the fifth reach)MethodogyThe most important data of the present study include topographic map scale of 1: 2000 (West Azerbaijan Regional Water Authority), geotechnical data (West Azerbaijan Regional Water Authority), Topographic map scale of 1: 50,000 and 1: 25,000, geological maps scale of 1: 100,000, Satellite images of Landsat (1985, 1990, 2000, 2007, 2015), ASTER (2000 and 2005), SPOT (2005), IRS (2005) and Google Earth. Also, data from Sari-Qamish and Nezam-Abad hydrometric stations located in the main stream and Qureh-Chay and Janaqa stations on tributaries were used for calculation of return periods and discharge–stage relation. Laboratory equipment including global positioning system (GPS) Van Veen Grab-Bottom Sampler, shakers, digital scales, and caliper were used for Sediment particle size analysis (granulometry). In this study, GIS & RS software includes Google Earth, ENVI and Arc GIS software with HEC-GeoRAS and Planform Statistics extensions; hydrodynamic HEC-RAS software and MATLAB software was used. In this research, field studies are basis for geomorphological analysis. The methodology and models used in this study can be summarized in processed satellite images to study changes river channel, the extraction of vegetation and land use; HEC-RAS hydrodynamic model to simulate the flow in the river channel and floodplain; Geomorphometric indices for quantitative analysis of planform and lateral changes in the river channel.Results and discussionAccording to Geomorphometric indices, field studies and the results of HEC-RAS model, morphological changes in the river channel Zarineh can be summarized: Planform of Zarineh river channel tend to meandering pattern, but according to local control variables, threshold behaviors (meander- braided) observed. During the period of the study (2015-1985), despite the cutoffs Occurrences and lateral migration, the mean of sinuosity and Central angle of channel meanders had not changed dramatically. This indicates that the river is in dynamic equilibrium (Table 1). In the past 15 years, a decreasing trend in the migration rate of river channel can be seen. Reduce lateral dynamics channel especially in downstream reaches of Norouzlou diversion dam been remarkable. Reduced lateral mobility of channel primarily related to discharge decrease, especially bank full discharge as channel forming discharge, and thus reduce the stream power. Narrowing of channel, which is primarily due to reduced lateral dynamics channel. This leads to the deposition processes of erosion processes have been overcome. Occupation and establish natural vegetation on the active point bar and encroaching agricultural land to near river land and river flood plains from other important factors are narrowing of Zarineh roud river. Tend to single-channel meandering pattern in the reaches which previously had threshold behaviors. This process, especially resulted in overcome the depositional processes in multi– channel and reduce the occurrence of chute cutoff. In the second period (2000 to 2015), the chute cutoff occurrence remarkable has been decline which can be attributed to reduce the peak and bankfull discharges. A slight increase of sinuosity and the central angle, is due to limited cutoffs.Table 1. Some geomorphometric indices of Zarrineh-Roud River Index Reach (1) Reach (2) Reach (3) Reach (4) Reach (5) Ave. Sinuosity (2015) 1.16 1.30 1.08 1.21 1.44 Ave. Central Angle (2015) 85.1 113.5 65.9 98.2 138.8 Migration rate (1985-1990) (m/year) 0.801 2.923 1.716 0.980 1.265 Migration rate (1900-2000) (m/year) 0.820 3.132 1.667 0.804 2.210 Migration rate (2000-2007) (m/year) 0.215 1.412 0.355 0.175 0.387 Migration rate (2007-2015) (m/year) 0.113 0.664 0.030 0.031 0.087 D50. Bed material (mm) 90 15 3 0.2 0.06 Total bankline change, E (m/year) 0.3866 1.886 0.907 1.007 0.974 Normalized lateral movement, N (% width/year) 0.0034 0.0215 0.0076 0.0087 0.0085 Change in Active Channel Width (m/year) -0.0043 -0.1803 -0.4008 -0.5492 -0.3261 Lateral Stability 0.9809 0.8211 0.9236 0.9030 0.9097 Actual Migration rate (m/year) 0.152 1.085 0.075 0.040 0.095 In the reach (1), meandering planform developed only in parts of the valley with the relatively developed floodplain. The morphology of this reach is largely controlled by geological variables. In most parts, the development meandering is limited due to connect to the mountain. Thus, in this reach, there are no neck cutoff. In the reach of (2) and reach (1), river channel planform is meandering with chute cutoff. In the fluvial geomorphology, chute cutoffs considered as a threshold behavior (transition from meandering to braided pattern). This type of threshold behavior due to the high variability of the bank materials erodibility, role of vegetation in bank stability and frequency of floods. In the reach (2), increased flood prone area, limited control of geology variable and high erodibility of bank materials cause increased lateral channel dynamics. This reach have the most lateral dynamics along studied reach of Zarrineh Roud River. In this reach, lateral mobility indices have the most spatial variability. Hydrometric data and satellite images shows that from 2000 to 2015 river erosion has been reduced due to decrease of discharge (especially bankfull and overbank) and stream power. The morphology of two reaches in downstream of Norouzlou diversion dam are controlled by anthropogenic variables. Due to sand and gravel mining, the planform and river bed morphology has changed. So that, can be said that in these reaches sediment extraction more than sediment bringing. This leads to entrenchment of channel bed and disconnected connection between floodplain and river channel. In the reach (3) (from Noruuzlou dam to Miyandoaab city), channel planform conversion into straight and undeveloped meandering channel. In fact, the channel tendency to direct pattern caused by human intervention include sand and gravel mining and canalization in Miyandoaab city around. As a result, this reach in terms of natural lateral dynamics is a passive reach. In reach (4) human intervention is relatively high, also. However, the central angle for the most part reflect the developed meandering planform. However, scroll bars sediments located in convex bank are extracted, that if this process continue leading to the artificial cutoff and conversion into straight pattern. In the reach (5), meanders are highly developed. In this reach, anthropogenic interference significantly decreased due to the decline of soil quality and overcome clay and silt in the bed and banks materials. But because of the gentle slope of bed and banks, stream power is very low.ConclusionIn this study, lateral dynamics of Zarrineh roud river channel in the recent 30 years were investigated. For this purpose, a collection of Geomorphometric quantitative variables was combined with field resuls. Channel Planform in the upstream reaches of diversion dam is meandering whit chute cutoff. From downstream Norouzlou dam to Miandoab city, as a result of human activity has become quasi meandering and then again meandering pattern appears. Although stream power in the first reach is high compared to other reaches but because of the armoring bed and connection of banks to the mountain, the geomorphological work is the limited. While relatively high stream power, increasing flood prone area, sparse vegetation, low control of geology variable and a high erodibility of bank materials caused the second reach has the highest lateral dynamics. Downstream of Norouzlou dam to Miandoab city due to the sand and gravel mining, river flows in the wide and entrenched bed and its connection with floodplain is disconnected. This condition can also be seen in downstream reach. Therefore in terms of lateral dynamics are passive. In final reach the cohesion properties of clay combined with low stream power and gentle slopes reflected in the low migration rates. The results shows a decline in channel lateral dynamics over the past 15 years.}, keywords = {Palnform,Lateral change,Geomorphometry,meander,Zarrineh Roud}, title_fa = {تحلیل تغییرات جانبی مجرای رودخانه زرینه‌رود با استفاده از روش‌های ژئومورفومتریکی}, abstract_fa = {مجرای رودخانه­های آبرفتی سیستم­های دینامیکی هستند که در معرض تغییرات مختلفی می­باشند. در این رابطه، جابجایی مجرا و فرایندهای مرتبط باعث مخاطراتی از قبیل آب شستگی پل­ها، تخریب جاده­های ارتباطی و از بین رفتن اراضی می­شود. ازاین‌رو، پایش و نظارت بر تغییرات مجرای رودخانه­ها ازجمله اقدامات اساسی در زمینه مدیریت رودخانه­ها و دشت­های سیلابی می­باشد. در تحقیق حاضر، تغییرات جانبی مجرای رودخانه زرینه­رود (جیغاتی­چای) در طی 30 سال گذشته بررسی‌شده است. این پژوهش متکی بر کارهای میدانی و آزمایشگاهی، تصاویر ماهواره­ای، نقشه­های توپوگرافی و زمین­شناسی و داده­های ایستگاه­های هیدرومتری می­باشد. به­‌منظور تحلیل­های کمّی از روش­ها و شاخص­های ژئومورفومتریک به همراه مدل HEC-RAS استفاده شد. مجرای رودخانه در بالادست سد انحرافی نوروزلو به دو بازه (از ابتدای بازه مطالعاتی تا شهرک صنعتی شاهین­دژ به‌عنوان بازه اول و از این شهرک تا محل سد مذکور به‌عنوان بازه دوم) و از پایاب سد انحرافی نورزولو تا چاله ارومیه به سه بازه (از پایاب این سد تا شهر میاندوآب به‌عنوان بازه سوم، از میاندوآب تا روستای چلیک به‌عنوان بازه چهارم و از این روستا تا مصب به‌عنوان بازه پنجم) تقسیم­بندی شد. پلان­فرم مجرا در بازه­های بالادست سد انحرافی از نوع مئاندری با میان­برهای شوت (میان­پشته­ای) می­باشد. از پایاب سد نوروزلو تا شهر میاندوآب، درنتیجه دخالت­های انسانی تبدیل به شبه­مئاندری شده و سپس دوباره الگوی مئاندری ظاهر می­شود. با اینکه توان رودخانه در بازه اول نسبت به سایر بازه­ها زیاد است اما به علت مواجهه با یک بستر آرمورینگ و برخورد کناره­های رودخانه به واحد کوهستان، از انجام کار ژئومورفیک محدودی برخوردار می­باشد. درحالی‌که توان نسبتاً بالای رودخانه، افزایش پهنه­های سیل­گیر، پوشش گیاهی پراکنده، کنترل محدود متغیر زمین­شناسی و فرسایش­پذیری زیاد مواد کناره باعث شده است که بازه دوم دارای بیشترین میزان دینامیک عرضی باشد. از پایاب سد نوروزلو تا شهر میاندوآب به علت برداشت شن و ماسه بستر و کناره­ها، رودخانه در بستری عریض و گود افتاده جریان می­یابد و ارتباط آن با دشت سیلابی خود قطع‌شده است. این شرایط تا حدودی در بازه پایین­دست نیز دیده می­شود و بنابراین ازنظر دینامیک جانبی، غیرفعال محسوب می­شود. در بازه انتهایی نیز خاصیت چسبندگی رس با توان پایین رودخانه و شیب ملایم کناره­ها توأم شده و توسعه و مهاجرت مئاندرها از آهنگ پایینی برخوردار شده است. نتایج نشان­دهنده افت چشمگیر دینامیک جانبی مجرا در طی 15سال گذشته است. شاخص­های ژئومورفومتریکی برای بازه­های پایاب سد نوروزلو نشان­دهنده دینامیک بسیار پایین و تنگ­شدگی مجرا در طی این بازه زمانی می­باشد. دلیل اساسی این امر مربوط به کاهش شدید دبی رودخانه (تقریباً دوسوم) و فعالیت­های انسانی می­باشد. کاهش دینامیک جانبی در بازه­های بالادست سد نوروزلو به‌صورت افت نرخ مهاجرت جانبی مجرا، کاهش قابل‌توجه رخداد میان­برهای شوت و تمایل بیشتر رودخانه به الگوی مئاندری نمایان شده است.}, keywords_fa = {پلان‌فرم,تغییرات جانبی مجرا,ژئومورفومتری,مئاندر,زرینه‌رود}, url = {https://www.geomorphologyjournal.ir/article_78065.html}, eprint = {https://www.geomorphologyjournal.ir/article_78065_a7491873444f17f77bd4525c12072e27.pdf} } @article { author = {ghahroodi tali, manijeh and alinoori, khadijeh}, title = {Spatial changes in Hoze Soltan Playa during 1991 – 2016}, journal = {Quantitative Geomorphological Research}, volume = {5}, number = {4}, pages = {103-120}, year = {2018}, publisher = {Iranian Association of Geomorphology}, issn = {22519424}, eissn = {}, doi = {}, abstract = {Introduction Playas, in the arid and semiarid regions of Iran, due to recent climate changes and human activities such as extractions of mineral resources and irregularities in input water, have experienced new evolution which events lead to changes in the playa’s surface and forms. Sometimes human activities create changes in the natural environment that their firm conclusions can not be predicted. In the present investigation, superficial changes in the Hoze Soltan’s playa were examined some indexes as principal component analysis, normalized difference salinity index and temperature from the landsat satellite images over a period of 26 years from 1991 to 2016.Materials and MethodsIn the present study, three images from Landsat satellite 5, 7 and 8 related to 1991, 2000 and 2016 (i.e. a 26-year ) have been used to detect the changes in this playa. In order to determine the rate of resulted marginal changes, NDSI, PCA, and LST were calculate in the in a range of about 10 km from mentioned playa.In order to calculate the surface temperature of the playas, No.6 thermal band image in 1991, band No.6-1 image in 2000 and band No.10 image in 2016 were used. In this playa, four-period-field observations during spring and Autumn of 2013 and Spring and Summer of 2016 were carried out; 25 samples of the various regional forms elicited.Results and DiscussionPlaya borders with PCA index in 1991, zone of 10.0; in 2000, zone of -0.06; and in 2016, zone of 0.07 were specified. Therefore, in all three images, these zones are made distinct from all PCA indexes which indicate the increase in playas’ square areas from 1991 to 2016 with a rate of 10.09 of square kilometers; this decline, furthermore, was around 33.59 square km more in 2000. As it was determined, the most changes in the playa borderlines were observed in the eastern regions. Reducing the surface area from 1991 to 2016 in the margin and it’s great retrogression from the east side is significant. The obtained results in the surface salinity level reveal that this surface has experienced about 1296 square meters’ decline in 1991 to 2000 and 1579.277 square km increase from 1991 to 2016. Due to the increase at the recorded temperature in the city of Ghom synoptic station, the maximum rate of the playas’ surface has increased, too; which, reveals the significant relationship in the temperature changes with the increase of salt layers accumulation in the playa’s surface in order to with increase in the salt layers accumulation, surface temperature decrease.ConclusionThe findings of the present study demonstrate that the area square of the playa has diminished from 1991 to 2016; this decline seemed to have been more severe in the first ten years. Furthermore, while the most observed alterations in the playa areas have taken place in the eastern regions. In other words, the increase in the salinity areas during the years 1991 to 2016 has happened in the west and southwest margins of the playas and the retreat of this surface has occurred from the eastern side during 1991 to 2016. These records suggest that studied playas had spatial changes from the east to the west and southwest. These place changes have grown more sever in about 15 years.The regression analyses between the salinity and temperature indexes exhibit that the increase in the salinity of the playas is accompanied by the decrease in the surface’ temperature as such that the least degree of surface temperature belongs to the zone of salt and mud and salt zone and the central and marginal regions of the playas. Moreover, these regions have the most density of salt layers and salinity index ratios in comparison to the entire surface of the region. As regards the Hoze Soltan playa received the eastern part of it’s water from the mountains along the northern margin in the northern branches of the Shoor river’s alluvial fan, from the northern branches of Ghareh Chai’s alluvial fan; Moreover, this playa is surrounded by volcanic mountains from the southwest, west and northwest parts. It can be construed that given the decrease in the salinity of the playa surface from the east side, probably the flow of the incoming water reduces the salinity of the eastern sections of the playa. On the other hand, since the increase in the salt concentration is associated with decrease in the temperature, the place movement of these playas towards the southwest and west heights is justified.}, keywords = {Hoze Soltan,Salinity Index,Playas,Spatial Changes}, title_fa = {تغییرات مکانی پلایای حوض سلطان در دوره 2016-1991}, abstract_fa = {پلایاها در بسیاری از مناطق خشک و نیمه‌خشک ایران، درنتیجه تحولات اخیر اقلیمی و فعالیت‌های انسانی ازجمله برداشت منابع معدنی و بی‌نظمی در آب ورودی، دچار تحول جدیدی شده‌اند که این تحولات منجر به تغییرات سطحی و فرمی در پلایاها شده است. پلایای حوض سلطان جزء حوضه آبریز دریاچه نمک محسوب می­گردد. جهت تعیین تغییرات این پلایا در تحقیق حاضر سه تصویر مربوط به ماهواره لندست 5، 7 و 8 مربوط به‌به تاریخ‌های 1991، 2000 و 2016 در بازه زمانی 26 ساله استفاده‌شده است. مهم‌ترین مشخصه پلایای حوض سلطان درصد بسیار بالای شاخص شوری آن می‌باشد. لذا جهت تعیین میزان تغییرات شوری حاصله در طی دوره‌های زمانی مختلف سعی بر تعیین مرز شوری این پلایا با مناطق اطراف آن بر روی تصاویر ماهواره‌ای در طی بازه زمانی 26 ساله شد. لذا در این تحقیق برای تخمین شوری خاک از تصاویر ماهواره‌ای لندست از شاخص‌های تحلیل مؤلفه‌های اصلی (PCA) و نسبت‌گیری طیفی چندگانه شاخص شوری استانداردشده (NDSI) استفاده‌شده است. نتایج مطالعات نشان داد که مساحت پلایای حوض سلطان  طی سال‌های 1991 تا سال 2016 کاهش داشته است و این کاهش در 10 سال اول شدیدتر بوده است. همچنین بیشترین تغییرات مساحت پلایا در نواحی شرقی اتفاق افتاده است، درحالی‌که بیشترین تغییرات شوری در حاشیه غربی و جنوب­غربی پلایا بوده است. به‌عبارت‌دیگر افزایش مساحت شوری از سال 1991 تا 2016 در حاشیه غربی و جنوب­غربی پلایا و عقب‌نشینی این سطح از سمت شرق از سال 1991 تا 2016 در پلایا رخ‌داده است. این موارد بیانگر این است که پلایای حوض سلطان از سمت شرق به سمت غرب و جنوب­غرب تغییرات مکانی داشته است.}, keywords_fa = {حوض سلطان,شاخص شوری,تغییرات پلایاها}, url = {https://www.geomorphologyjournal.ir/article_78066.html}, eprint = {https://www.geomorphologyjournal.ir/article_78066_9aab6145714fa4bcf296ec27655ef3ff.pdf} } @article { author = {nayyeri, hadi and karami, mohamadreza and salari, mamand}, title = {Landslide hazard zonation by evaluating environmental variables using network analysis (case study: Bijar city)}, journal = {Quantitative Geomorphological Research}, volume = {5}, number = {4}, pages = {121-136}, year = {2018}, publisher = {Iranian Association of Geomorphology}, issn = {22519424}, eissn = {}, doi = {}, abstract = {Introduction:Predicting landslides in a region, in addition to the reduction of risks and losses caused, can be useful in analyzing and forecasting the development of a region. Many factors are involved in the occurrence of these natural phenomenon. In addition to natural factors such as lithology, tectonics and climate, human role is also significant.Identifying these factors and landslide hazard zonation can help in better evaluating of area potential talents. And it divides the area in terms of risk to the several sub-districts to make planning easier. Iran is largely due to the mountainous topography, the tectonic and seismic activity has high natural potential for extensive landslides.Kurdistan province is the third largest province in terms of landslide after Mazandaran and Golestan. If the ranking criterion is the area, the province is ranked the highest.Bijar city in the Kurdistan province, with a combination of factors mostly mountainous topography, climatic and lithological conditions and locating between two fault of Tabriz in East and Zarineh River in the West which a large number of subdirectories are between these two faults, has great potential for the occurrence of extensive range of landslides.In recent years, extensive researches have been carried out by scientists including geomorphologs, with the aim of identifying risk factors for landslide hazard zonation and also to choose the best model for optimal management of the area.The study, amid at the investigating the slide system in the Bijar area and the importance of effective factors, has applied ANP method as a new model in the landslide. MethodologyGeneral method of this research is a combination of theoretical studies, fieldwork along with the application of model and software statistical analysis.To achieve the goal, first, the effective layers of slope, aspect, elevation, distance from fault, distance from roads, distance from the river, floodway density, lithology and land use in GIS were prepared. And then weighting to the sub-criteria within the group and the criteria between groups were performed.In the next step, available weights were put into Super Decision. Matrix and final weighting, according to input data, were done by the software to reduce the high rate of error.Finally, by pooling layers, landslide hazard zonation map was prepared on the basis of the range model with high risk, relatively high risk, medium risk, relatively low risk and low risk. In the last step, the assessment and verification of ANP model was done with real data to determine how well the model for the area is.DiscussionTo achieve the goal, binary comparison of each of the main criteria and sub-criteria was performed based on a quantitative scale 9 hours.In comprising the criteria, one of the criterion was controlled to gain its importance and its special vector. After comparing the criteria and doing the matrix, their adjustment coefficient was controlled which was not over 0/1, considered by the Thomas hour.After the comparison, their special vector was put into Super Decision in the form of raw data and were used as the imbalanced matrix.Then, imbalanced super matrix became balanced by multiplying into cluster matrix. In the next step, to show and provide significant weight of parameters, the balanced matrix was limited.In the final step, the vector of ultimate importance was normalized and contribution of each of the variables was presented in landslides. These numbers were obtained as a decimal and between one and zero which, in fact, are as the same criteria in effect.The results showed that the distance from the fault has the greatest impact and land use has less impact on the occurrence of landslide and landslide zonation. Finally, in Arc GIS using model data of ANP, the final map was drawn which is the same zonation map.Reviewing the criteria affecting landslide of the area, using ANP, showed that the impact of the fault and height above sea level is more than the other criteria on the process.In the final stage of the study, to evaluate the effectiveness of the model as well as the accuracy using GIS, the landslide hazard zonation map was prepared through integrating and comparing the amount of overlap. The results showed that 94 landslides are at the relatively high and relatively high risk range which shows the accuracy of the study.ConclusionZoning and mapping out of landslide within the Bijar city shows that Bijar city and its dependencies are relatively disposed and susceptible to landslides.Systematic results, based on zoning and validation, showed that 41 percent of the study area is at relatively high and high risk that, in the planning process, should be taken into consideration through the assessment of variables.Validation results showed that the ANP, according to network analysis model is successful and can be used in other regions of Iran.}, keywords = {zonation,Landslide,GIS,Network analysis,Bijar}, title_fa = {پهنه‌بندی خطر زمین‌لغزش از طریق ارزیابی متغیرهای محیطی با استفاده از مدل تحلیل شبکه (مطالعه موردی: شهرستان بیجار)}, abstract_fa = {شهرستان بیجار در شمال شرق استان کردستان یکی از مناطق مرتفع و کوهستانی است که از پتانسیل بالایی برای حرکات دامنه‌ای برخوردار است. اگر این فرایند به‌صورت علمی مطالعه نگردد یکی از مخاطرات جدی برای توسعه محسوب می‌گردد و برنامه‌ریزی را با مشکل مواجه می‌کند. این پژوهش با هدف شناسایی سهم متغیرهای مختلف بر روی زمین‌لغزش به‌عنوان یکی از حرکات دامنه‌ای و پهنه‌بندی آن در محدوده شهرستان بیجار صورت گرفت. بدین منظور ابتدا مطالعات کتابخانه‌ای برای شناسایی معیارهای تأثیرگذار در این فرایند انجام شد. با توجه به پیشینه تحقیق و داده‌های موجود معیارهای شیب دامنه، جهت شیب، کاربری اراضی، لیتولوژی، تراکم زهکش، فاصله از جاده و ارتفاع برای بررسی این فرایند انتخاب شدند. سپس معیارها باهم مقایسه و وزن آن‌ها در زمین‌لغزش تعیین گردید. برای تعیین وزن نهایی معیارها و زیر معیارها، ابرماتریس با استفاده از نرم‌افزار Super Decision تشکیل داده شد. وزن‌های نهایی جهت تلفیق، همپوشانی لایه‌ها، اجرای مدل ساختار شبکه و نقشه پهنه‌بندی بکار رفت. سپس محدوده مطالعاتی بر اساس مدل موجود(ANP < /span>) به لحاظ خطر زمین‌لغزش به پنج منطقه خطر تقسیم گردید. نتایج پژوهش نشان داد که  41 درصد از محدوده شهرستان بیجار جزو مناطق دارای قابلیت خطر محسوب می‌شود. نتایج دقیق­تر نشان‌ داد که از بین متغیرهای محیطی مؤثر، فاصله از گسل و ارتفاع، بیشترین و کاربری اراضی کمترین تأثیر را در زمین‌لغزش در محدوده شهرستان بیجار دارند. نتایج حاصل از صحت­سنجی نیز نشان­ داد که همپوشانی مناسب بین پهنه­بندی و نقاط زمین­لغزش موجود بوده و بنابراین مدل به کار گرفته‌شده کارا بوده و نتایج آن در نظام برنامه­ریزی و پایداری محیطی منطقه می­تواند به کار گرفته شود.  }, keywords_fa = {پهنه‌بندی,زمین‌لغزش,سیستم اطلاعات جغرافیایی,مدل تحلیل شبکه,بیجار}, url = {https://www.geomorphologyjournal.ir/article_78067.html}, eprint = {https://www.geomorphologyjournal.ir/article_78067_2b45d5f932f6fbe0bcf464bbdbcb3733.pdf} } @article { author = {montaseri, leila and amirahmadi, abolghasem and zanganeh asadi, mohamad ali}, title = {The role of geomorphology in management of natural resources using the method of Land Systems Analysis (case study: Kalateh-Sadat watershed of Sabzevar)}, journal = {Quantitative Geomorphological Research}, volume = {5}, number = {4}, pages = {137-158}, year = {2018}, publisher = {Iranian Association of Geomorphology}, issn = {22519424}, eissn = {}, doi = {}, abstract = {Introduction: Geomorphology knowledge has an important role in knowing of the capabilities and environmental constraints of our surrounding, that in the meantime the use of the method of Land System Analysis is effective as a geomorphology approach. This method is a scientific classification based on the land form and with the hierarchical structure and emphasizes on the relationship of land (landforms) with the capabilities and constraints of land. In this study, the method of Land Systems Analysis is checked in Kalateh-Sadat watershed of Sabzevar of Razavi Khorasan province. The aim of this study is the use of geomorphology knowledg and the method of Land Systems in analyzing the capabilities and constraints areas, that it can be used in studies of territorial  planning and management of natural resources.Methodology: At first the studied area was limited based on topographic maps and Landsat satellite images of Google Earth software. Then from field observations, study books, articles and scientific reports in recent years on this topic and preparation of digital models of region with ArcGIS software was used. Finally, using the method of Land Systems Analysis was acted rather than classification of regions to ranges that have similar physical properties; So that each area  is differentiated from another area by a specific homogeneity. The foundation of this classification is based on hierarchical structure that is summarized in three ranges land system, land unit and unit components.Results and discussion: Kalateh-Sadat watershed is sub-basins of the Kal-shoor river of Sabzevar and is located in the central iran zone in terms of geological divisions and is considered from areas of ophiolitic-melange in iran. The most height of basin is in the northeast and the least in the output location in the southwest of the basin;  in other words, topographic slope of basin is from the northeast to the southwest. Northeastern part of the basin (elevation points and upstream Kalateh-Sadat river) has high slope and the southwestern part of it (downstream and out of the river and agricultural lands) has least slope. Direction of dominant slope of the basin is southwest in other words, flow path of Kalateh-Sadat river to the output side. kalateh-sadat river is a dry-river and accidental river, which in addition passing through kalateh-sadat village, part of the downstream lands Irrigates and ultimately leads to holes central desert. Mostly regional precipitation is the effect of existence Siberian high-pressure mass in the cold season, that provides the grounds for coldness and dryness air. In terms of climate divisions based on Domarten factor, regional climate is dry type. This basin is also very poor in terms of vegetation and this poverty of vegetation has been happened during wrong operation of regional grasslands several years. In terms of land use situation, Kalateh-Sadat basin is parted into two parts medium grasslands and desirable and steppe grasslands with scattered trees. The most important of processes development of the earth current face in the kalateh-sadat basin include: orogenic phases and tectonic activity, the degradation processes and weathering, erosion system of flowing waters, mass motions and range, wind erosion system and human factors. kalateh-sadat village is located also on an alluvial fan and young terrace and low-height. The most common of geomorphology phenomenon in this basin is "Marly hills" of kalateh-sadat village and the impact of these marls on water and soil of the area, which from that is used for operations water-coloring and mud-lined the river bed. So that marl particles, with penetration on the floor of the river bed and downstream lands, fills pores available and creates a layer with low permeability ability and prevents water penetration in the floor of the river bed and lands and causes maintain water and soil in contrast to the heat and erosion and region winds. Finally, kalateh-Sadat basin from the viewpoint of land systems is divided into three types (system) mountain, hill and plain. That respectively, existence of chromite deposits, marly hills and maintain water and soil in contrast to erosion is in each at attention priority and importance.Conclusion: At evaluation the studied watershed using the method of Land Systems Analysis was found that this range is an area with three different systems mountain, hill and plain that each is parted to land units and finally the smaller units component. Lowlands and low-height and plains with 52 square kilometers has occupied the most area of basin and land type of hill with an area of 11/2 square kilometers the least area. Land type of mountain is included also an area of 32/4 square kilometers of basin area.  In general, the most area of Kalateh-Sadat watershed is covered lowlands and low-height. that the require more attention and efficient management of water and soil conservation is made clear in this region.}, keywords = {geomorphology,land systems,Territorial planning,land use,Kalateh-Sadat of Sabzevar}, title_fa = {نقش ژئومورفولوژی در مدیریت منابع طبیعی با استفاده از روش تحلیل سیستم‌های ارضی (مطالعه موردی: حوضه آبخیز کلاته سادات سبزوار)}, abstract_fa = {دانش ژئومورفولوژی نقش بسزایی در شناخت قابلیت‌ها و محدودیت‌های محیطی پیرامون ما دارد که در این میان استفاده از روش تحلیل سیستم‌های ارضی به‌عنوان یک راهکار ژئومورفولوژی مؤثر می‌باشد. از طریق این تکنیک مشخص می‌شود که هر قسمت از زمین به چه کاربری اختصاص پیدا می‌کند. این اقدام باعث حفظ آب و خاک در اراضی کشاورزی و مدیریت بهتر منابع طبیعی می‌شود. هم‌چنین روش تحلیل سیستم‌های ارضی در مطالعات آمایش سرزمین نیز مطرح می‌گردد. در این مطالعه نقش دانش ژئومورفولوژی در شناسایی ویژگی‌های سرزمینی و مدیریت بهتر منابع طبیعی با استفاده از روش تحلیل سیستم‌های ارضی در حوضه آبی کلاته سادات سبزوار از استان خراسان رضوی بررسی می‌شود. بر این اساس، حوضه آبخیز مورد مطالعه به سه سیستم ارضی کوهستان، تپه و دشت تفکیک گردید که بیشترین مساحت حوضه را تیپ ارضی دشت با 0/52 کیلومتر مربع و کمترین را تیپ ارضی تپه با مساحت 2/11 کیلومتر مربع پوشش می‌دهد. تیپ ارضی کوهستان نیز مساحت 4/32 کیلومتر مربع از سطح حوضه را اشغال کرده است. برای هر کدام از این سیستم‌های ارضی، واحدهای ارضی و جزء واحدهای کوچکتری تشخیص داده شد که هر کدام از این تقسیمات واحدی، ویژگی‌ها و مشخصات خاصی دارد. شناخت این مشخصات، جهت هرگونه پروژه عمرانی و کشاورزی در منطقه سودمند می‌باشد. در این میان قابلیت‌ها و محدودیت‌های هر بخش نیز جهت کاربری بهتر مشخص شد. در کل بیشترین مساحت حوضه آبخیز مورد مطالعه را مناطق پست و کم‌ارتفاع و دشت پوشش می‌دهد که نیاز به توجه بیشتر و مدیریت کارآمد حفظ آب و خاک را در این منطقه، روشن می‌سازد.}, keywords_fa = {ژئومورفولوژی,سیستم‌های ارضی,آمایش سرزمین,کاربری اراضی,کلاته سادات سبزوار}, url = {https://www.geomorphologyjournal.ir/article_78068.html}, eprint = {https://www.geomorphologyjournal.ir/article_78068_25b3162de7a620719a0429c6ddcc2b91.pdf} } @article { author = {karimil firoozjaei, mohamad and abdolaho kakroodi, ataolah and jolodar niyaraki, mohamadreza}, title = {Preparing a flood risk map based on the flow energy by using geographical information system Case study: Nekaroud River}, journal = {Quantitative Geomorphological Research}, volume = {5}, number = {4}, pages = {159-175}, year = {2018}, publisher = {Iranian Association of Geomorphology}, issn = {22519424}, eissn = {}, doi = {}, abstract = {IntroductionAmong the natural disasters, flood causes heavy losses on the agriculture, fishery, housing and infrastructures. It also strongly affects the economic and social activities. Using of modern science, especially remote sensing and GIS techniques helps the planners to assess the risk map of natural hazards such as floods for a region in the shortest time possible. Area of land adjacent to a river is an rivers are appropriate locations for economic activities due to specific situations. Nonetheless, This área is situted in the  danger zone are in jeopardy because of flood risk. Consequently, determining the amount of flood progress, height and features in diverse returning periods which occur as flood zoning, are so essential. The Nekaroud River, according to its basin specific situations and the Sharp transation of the slope from The mountain to the coastal plain, makes catastrophic floods in last decades which give rise to irreparable economic damages in the area. The aim of this study is preparing the flood risk map for part of the Nekaroud River.Materials and methodsInitial data which is used in this study as well as topographic and land use map daily maximum debit statics of last 30 years of the Abloo hydrometric station ere used. Manning roughness coefficients related to the main channel of the river and floodplains were measured according to the land use map as well as field visits and also by the help of the Chow proposed table. In order to prepare the depth zoning map and the flood velocity, three steps are applied on the initial data. In the preprocessing step, so as to determine geometric and morphological characteristics of the river and floodplains such as the flow central line in the river channel, flow path lines, shorelines and cross sections, Arc GIS environment was utilized by using HEC-GeoRAS in order to determine the digital elevation model (DEM), in suitable seasons. In the hydraulic step, hydraulic and hydrological characteristics of the river flow such as cross-path structures, energy loss coefficients, boundary conditions of the studied area, the type of the flow regime, the river debit with different return periods and Manning coefficients, are defined for the hydraulic model of HEC-RAS. In this model, height, level, depth and velocity of the water in each section of the studied area for the flood with various return periods are calculated. The obtained output of the hydraulic model is defined as the GIS input. Then, by using digital depth model and the water level velocity in each of the cross sections as well as macro postprocessors of HEC-GeoRAS in the Arc GIS environment, an exchange file of the digital elevation model which can indicate the level of the flooded, is prepared. Then, by using the spatial analysis capability of the Arc GIS in combining the level of the flooded with the land elevation model, the depth zoning map as well as the flood velocity for various return periods are produced. For this purpose, the combination of hydrologic engineering center-river analysis system (HEC-RAS) and geographical information system were utilized to model the deep zone and the flood speed of this river for returning periods of 5,10, 25, 50, 100 and 200 years. In order to achieve a suitable function for flow risk zoning, the flow energy feature as a function of depth and speed changes was used. Then, the flood risk map was obtained and areas with different degrees of risk were classified and analyzed in terms of the flow energy.Results and discussionObtained results indicate that the flood velocity is different in various return periods and by increasing the return period time, the flood velocity increases. The flood velocity is different in various parts of the riverbed and the floodplains. Depending on the river deviation degree as well as the riverbed and floodplains topographic conditions, the type of the surface vegetation and the Manning roughness coefficient are variable. Flood height maps for various return periods imply that the maximum flood height for return periods of 5 and 200 years are 7 and 10.5m, respectively. The river channel is unable to transfer the heavy water flow during the flood and by increasing the flood return period time, the importance of this issue increases. Results imply the vulnerability of the area against the flood by returning area of above 25 years. By increasing the returning time periods, the area of the affected location by the flood increase. By using the obtained risk function, flood affected areas were classified into 5 risk categories concluding low, medium, high, very high, excessive. In all returning periods, the maximum covered area in terms of the risk, belong to excessive risk category.ConclusionResults actually emphasize the importance of planning and protective strategies management in order to diminish flood damages. This research evidently indicates that the geographical information system can properly create a situation for preparing and analyzing the flood risk map.}, keywords = {flood,Risk Map,GIS,Nekaroud}, title_fa = {تهیه نقشه خطر سیل مبتنی بر انرژی جریان با استفاده از سیستم اطلاعات جغرافیایی مطالعه موردی: رودخانه نکا}, abstract_fa = {ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﻣﺠﺎور رودخانه‌ها ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ دﻟﻴﻞ ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ ﺧﺎص، ﻓﻀﺎﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺑﺮای اﻧﺠﺎم ﻓﻌﺎﻟیت‌های اﻗﺘـﺼﺎدی ﻣﺤﺴﻮب ﻣﻲ­ﺷﻮﻧﺪ، ﻫﻤﻮاره در ﻣﻌﺮض ﺧﻄﺮات ﻧﺎﺷﻲ از وﻗﻮع ﺳﻴﻼب­ها ﻗﺮار دارﻧﺪ. ازاین‌رو در اﻳـﻦ ﻣﻨـﺎﻃﻖ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻣﻴﺰان ﭘﻴﺸﺮوی، ارتفاع و خصوصیات سیلاب در دوره ﺑﺎزﮔـﺸﺖﻫـﺎی مختلف ﻛﻪ ﺗﺤﺖ ﻋﻨﻮان ﭘﻬﻨه‌ﺑﻨﺪی ﺳﻴﻼب ﺻﻮرت ﻣﻲ­ﮔﻴﺮد، ﺣﺎﺋﺰ اﻫﻤﻴﺖ ﻓﺮاوان ﺧﻮاﻫﺪ ﺑﻮد. رودخانه نکارود با توجه به شرایط خاص حوضه آبریز و تغییر ناگهانی شیب از مناطق مرتفع به جلگه ساحلی در چند دهه اخیر شاهد سیل­های متعدد و ویرانگری بوده، که اثرات جبران‌ناپذیر اقتصادی در این منطقه بجا گذاشته است. هدف از این تحقیق تهیه نقشه خطر سیل برای قسمتی از رودخانه نکارود می­باشد. برای این منظور با تلفیق سیستم تحلیل رودخانه مرکز مهندسی هیدرولوژیکی(HEC-RAS) با سیستم اطلاعات جغرافیایی پهنه عمق و سرعت سیل این رودخانه برای دوره‌های بازگشت 200-100-50-25-10-5 ساله مدل‌سازی شده است. به‌منظور دستیابی به تابع مناسب برای پهنه­بندی خطر جریان از ویژگی انرژی جریان برحسب تغییرات عمق و سرعت استفاده‌شده است. بر اساس آن نقشه خطر سیل به‌دست‌آمده و مناطق با درجات مختلف خطر ازنظر انرژی جریان طبقه­بندی و تجزیه‌وتحلیل شده است. نتایج بیانگر آسیب‌پذیر بودن منطقه در برابر سیل با دوره بازگشت بالاتر از 25 سال می­باشد. با افزایش زمان دوره بازگشت­های سیل، سطح منطقه تحت تأثیر سیل افزایش می­یابد. با استفاده از تابع خطر به‌دست‌آمده مناطق تحت تأثیر سیل به پنج گروه خطر نسبی کم، متوسط، زیاد، نسبتاً زیاد و فوق­العاده طبقه‌بندی‌شده است. در تمام دوره بازگشت­ها بیشترین مساحت تحت پوشش ازلحاظ میزان خطر از نوع خطر نسبی بسیار زیاد می­باشد. نتایج پژوهش ضرورت برنامه­ریزی و مدیریت راهکارهای حفاظتی جهت کاهش خسارات ناشی از سیل را نمایان می‌سازد. این پژوهش به‌وضوح نشان می­دهد که سیستم اطلاعات جغرافیایی یک محیط مناسب برای تجزیه‌وتحلیل و تهیه نقشه خطر سیل فراهم می­کند.}, keywords_fa = {سیل,نقشه خطر,سیستم اطلاعات جغرافیایی,نکارود}, url = {https://www.geomorphologyjournal.ir/article_78069.html}, eprint = {https://www.geomorphologyjournal.ir/article_78069_1dc10e7b1556f8697c587fd6abfa679f.pdf} } @article { author = {maghsoudi, mehran and mohamadi, abotaleb and khanbabaei, zahra and mahboobi, sedigheh and baharvand, mehdi and hajizadeh, abdolhosein}, title = {Reg movement monitoring and Barchans in West of Lot region (Pashoeyeh)}, journal = {Quantitative Geomorphological Research}, volume = {5}, number = {4}, pages = {176-189}, year = {2018}, publisher = {Iranian Association of Geomorphology}, issn = {22519424}, eissn = {}, doi = {}, abstract = {The most important characteristic of sand dunes, dynamics and their lateral movement, which some of them are crisis centers and Privacy-threatening centers of Residential, urban, rural, economic, military and arteries of communication. The case study which, village is located at the Pashoeyeh of Shahdad district and in the East of the city of Kerman in the desert on the west side Nayband fault, there is a rather dynamic rig and some single barchans. As a result of different period's floods, has been created crusts so that pebble and barchans are moving between them. In this study, using the crust and compare it with aerial photos of different years, the movement of reg and barchans measured and compared. Using aerial photographs (scale 1: 55,000, in 1334- a scale of 1: 20,000 in 1348, and the scale of 1: 40,000, 1374) and Google Earth satellite images, in 2005, the movement of rig and barchans, with crust factor, and also by checking the wind roses at different time periods studied and compared. The study concluded that the rig is shifting to the South and South East, and based on field studies movement in the second barchan 96, and first barchan 135 meters measured. The results of the study about time of crust and the barchans movement in compare with tig, have confirmed these findings. In addition, the results show that the crust caused by the floods in the area, except calculating of sand movement amount, you can also specify the time of flooding in the region. According to the annual movement of barchans in the area, the rainfall and flooding of area, is related to 1994.}, keywords = {barchan,Crust,Pashoeyeh,Reg,Loot desert,the wind indicator}, title_fa = {پایش جابجایی ریگ و برخان‌های غرب لوت (پشوئیه)}, abstract_fa = {مهمترین ویژگی­ تپه­ های ماسه­ای، پویایی و حرکت جانبی آن‌ها است که بخشی از آن‌ها کانون­های بحران و تهدیدکننده حریم مراکز مسکونی، شهری، روستایی، اقتصادی، نظامی و شریان‌های ارتباطی هستند. در منطقه موردمطالعه که در روستای پشوئیه از توابع بخش شهداد، در شرق شهر کرمان و در بیابانی در ضلع غربی گسل نایبند قرارگرفته است، ریگی نسبتاً متحرک و تعدادی برخان منفرد قرار دارد که در حدفاصل آن‌ها بر اثر سیلاب­ در دوره­های مختلف سله­هایی بسته‌شده و ریگ و برخان‌ها نسبت به آن‌ها در حال حرکت و جابجایی­اند. در این تحقیق با استفاده از این سله­ها و مقایسه آن‌ها با عکس­های هوایی سال­های مختلف، میزان حرکت ریگ و برخان­ها نسبت به­سله­ها اندازه­گیری و مقایسه شده است. با استفاده از عکس­های هوایی ( مقیاس 1:55000، سال 1334، مقیاس 1:20000 سال 1348و مقیاس 1:40000، سال 1374) و تصاویر ماهواره­ای گوگل ارث مربوط به سال 2005، میزان جابجایی ریگ و برخان­ها، با در نظر گرفتن شاخص سله و نیز با بررسی گلبادهای منطقه در دوره­های زمانی مختلف، موردبررسی و مقایسه قرار گرفت. از این پژوهش نتیجه حاصل گردید که ریگ مورد نظر به سمت جنوب و جنوب شرق در حال جابجایی است و بر اساس مطالعات میدانی به‌عمل‌آمده میزان حرکت برخان دوم 96 متر و برخان اول 135 متر محاسبه شد. نتایج حاصل از مطالعه­ی زمان ایجاد سله و میزان جابجایی برخان­ها نسبت به آن، یافته­های فوق را تائید کرده است. ضمناً نتایج تحقیق نشان می­دهد که  سله­های ناشی از سیلاب­ها در منطقه به­غیر از محاسبه میزان حرکت ماسه می­توانند زمان ایجاد سیل در منطقه را نیز مشخص نمایند که با توجه به جابجایی سالانه برخان­های منطقه، سال بارش و سیلابی شدن منطقه، مربوط به سال 1994 می­باشد.}, keywords_fa = {برخان,سله,پشوئیه,ریگ,بیابان لوت,شاخص باد}, url = {https://www.geomorphologyjournal.ir/article_78070.html}, eprint = {https://www.geomorphologyjournal.ir/article_78070_87e97b59a6c50b24970ad9e6298f0f38.pdf} } @article { author = {mohamadi, seyed davood and jalali, seyed hosein and saedi, bahman}, title = {Evaluation of relative active tectonic in Abshineh basin of Hamedan, by using of geomorphic indices and regional seismicity}, journal = {Quantitative Geomorphological Research}, volume = {5}, number = {4}, pages = {190-207}, year = {2018}, publisher = {Iranian Association of Geomorphology}, issn = {22519424}, eissn = {}, doi = {}, abstract = {IntroductionIn the past decade, there has been a huge progress in development of quantitative geomorphology especially in terms of statistical tools and mathematical models. Vast research carried out in this field resulted in the useful quantity Geomorphological methods describing the morpho-evolotive processes and, also, in studying the active tectonic regions.The neotectonic effects on morphogenetic processes have been determined through the application of statistical analysis. The study of tectonic activity, and in particular those areas with relatively high activity, in the Holocene and late Pleistocene is important to evaluate the earthquake hazard. Geomorphic indices due to relationship with rate and type of tectonic activity can be used as efficient criterion for recognize the tectonic activity in vast regions. These indices are useful for recognize the fast tectonical deformations. From this information used to obtain the detail active tectonic in special region. Each indices presents a relative classification of tectonical activity. When several indices are used for a region rather than used only one index gives meaningful results. A comparison of several morphometric indices of geomorphological features, especially with tools such as geographic information systems (GIS), can provide a valuable quantitative method. This procedure presents relative rates of tectonic activity. Studies in different regions in the world such as Azañón et al (2012), Bagha et al (2014), Hamdouni et al (2008), Alipoor et al (2011), Ildoromi (2011), Ezati & Agh-Atabai (2014) and etc, have been emphasized on workability of these indices.Methodology Abshineh basin with 22155 Hec area located at SE of Hamedan city at 48°28 ʹ 14″ to 48° 48 ʹ 3″ E longitude and″ َ34°34 ʹ 56″ to 34°45 ʹ 5″ N latitude in central Zagros. Maximum elevation of this basin is 3580 m from sea level. The annual temperature average of this region is +12.23˚c. The coldest month is February and the hottest is August. The annual average precipitation of this region is 313 mm. According to Ambrothermic curve, the driest months are May to September. The regional climate according to Ambreget method is semi-arid cold and semi-humid.The indices represent a quantitative approach to differential geomorphic analysis related to erosion and depositional processes that include the river channel, long profile, and valley morphology as well as tectonically derived features, such as fault scarps. Indices of active tectonics may detect anomalies in the fluvial system or along mountain fronts. These anomalies may be produced by local changes from tectonic activity resulting from uplift or subsidence. The main objective of the study was fulfilled by computing the geomorphic indices by using remote sensing and GIS techniques. The study used ASTER and Landsat data and GIS interpretive techniques to analyze and calculate these indices.In this study, Drainage Basin Asymmetry Factor, Ratio of Valley- Floor with to Valley Height, Basin Shape Factor, Transverse Topographic Symmetric, Hypsometric Integral, River Sinuosity Index, Stream Length- Gradient Index of Yalfanrod river in Abshineh basin for analysis the tectonic activity of this basin were used. For evaluation of active tectonic by geomorphic indices first obtained these indices of Abshineh basin then compared with active tectonic classifications such as Bull and McFadden, (1977), Rockweel et al. (1985), Silva et al. (2003) and El Hamdouni et al. (2008).For comparison, first by gathering the data of historical and instrumental earthquakes of study area, the seismic activity of the region was assessed. Then, by using the characteristics of faults, the seismicity of the region was determined by Deterministic Seismic Hazard Analysis (DSHA) method.Results and discussionMorphotectonic analysis by the use of geomorphic indices serves as a tool of recognition in regions with active tectonic deformation. Landforms in active deformation area are created from interaction of tectonic and surfacial processes. One of the most important landforms in ground is rivers that are very sensitive to tectonic movements especially uplift and tilting. Thus based on analysis of the rivers and related drainage networks by the use of geomorphic indices one is able to attain valuable information about tectonic history of the area.The results of this study show that in the most of indices, activity of the Abshineh basin was manifested. The results of geomorphologic indices analyze show that this basin in some indices such as Drainage Basin Asymmetry Factor, Transverse Topographic Symmetric, River Sinuosity Index, Stream Length- Gradient Index is active and in Ratio of Valley- Floor with to Valley Height, Basin Shape Factor and Hypsometric Integral is semiactive.Investigation of the region background seismicity underscores on tectonic activity of the study area. Also, the results of deterministic seismic hazard analysis method (6.8 Richter magnitude and 0.4g peak ground acceleration) show the region active seismicity.ConclusionComparing of results of geomorphologic indices analyzes, region seismicity evaluation and Deterministic Seismic Hazard Analysis (DSHA) addition to basin active tectonic confirm the performance of geomorphologic indices for distinguish the basin tectonical activity. It seems that these results can be used in some human activity such as improving construction sites for watershed management.}, keywords = {Active Tectonic,Geomorphologic indices,Deterministic Seismic Hazard Analysis (DSHA),Abshineh basin}, title_fa = {ارزیابی زمین‌ساخت فعال نسبی در حوضه آبخیز آبشینه همدان با استفاده از شاخصه‌های زمین‌ریختی و لرزه‌خیزی منطقه‌ای}, abstract_fa = {شاخص­های زمین­ریختی به دلیل ارتباطی که با میزان و نوع فعالیت‌های زمین‌ساختی دارند می­توانند به‌عنوان معیاری کارآمد برای تشخیص زمین‌ساخت فعال مناطق وسیع به کار روند. مطالعات در مناطق مختلف جهان بر کارایی این شاخص‌ها تأکید کرده‌اند. در پژوهش حاضر با استفاده از شاخص‌های زمین­ریختی عدم تقارن حوضه زهکشی، نسبت پهنای کف دره به ارتفاع دره، شکل حوضه، تقارن توپوگرافی عرضی، منحنی هیپسومتری حوضه، پیچ‌وخم رود و شیب طولی رودخانه آبشینه در حوضه آبخیز آبشینه برای تحلیل فعالیت زمین­ساختی این حوضه استفاده‌شده است. برای مقایسه، ابتدا با جمع­آوری داده‌های زمین­لرزه­های تاریخی و دستگاهی نسبت به ارزیابی فعالیت لرزه­ای منطقه اقدام شد. سپس لرزه­خیزی منطقه به روش تحلیل خطر لرزه­ای تعینی (DSHA) با استفاده از ویژگی‌های گسل‌های موجود برآورد گردید. نتایج نشان می­دهد که در اغلب شاخص‌ها نشانه‌های فعالیت حوضه آبخیز آبشینه بارز است. بررسی پیشینه لرزه­خیزی منطقه، بر فعالیت زمین­ساختی منطقه موردمطالعه تأکید دارد. روش تحلیل خطر لرزه­ای تعینی نیز با به دست دادن مقدار بزرگی بیشینه 8/6 ریشتر و بیشینه شتاب افقی g4/0 نسبت به مرکز ثقل حوضه، منطقه موردمطالعه را ازنظر لرزه‌خیزی فعال نشان می‌دهد.}, keywords_fa = {زمین‌ساخت فعال,شاخصهای زمین‌ریختی,تحلیل خطر لرزه‌ای تعینی (DSHA),حوضه آبخیز آبشینه}, url = {https://www.geomorphologyjournal.ir/article_78071.html}, eprint = {https://www.geomorphologyjournal.ir/article_78071_5d1eb71eb706b50e5ffe0df3e007024d.pdf} }