@article { author = {دولت کردستانی, مجتبی and غلامی, حمید and احمدی, سیدجواد and Walling, Desmond and فتح آبادی, ابوالحسن}, title = {Apportionment sources of sand dune sediment using two mixing models used to sediment fingerprinting (Case study: Jazmurian region, south of Kerman province)}, journal = {Quantitative Geomorphological Research}, volume = {6}, number = {3}, pages = {1-14}, year = {2018}, publisher = {Iranian Association of Geomorphology}, issn = {22519424}, eissn = {}, doi = {}, abstract = {IntroductionThe entrainment, transport, and deposition of sediments by wind, or aeolian processes, affect  all  major  components  of the  Earth  system  and  provide  important  biogeochemical  linkages between the atmosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere, and pedosphere (Field et al, 2010). Large part of Iran located in arid and semi-arid regions which wind erosion act as an important geomorphological process over an area of about 24 million ha and also, Iran’s dune fields as depositional Aeolian environments cover an area about 5.5 million ha (Gholami et al, 2017a). Aeolian deposits are widely distributed in the arid areas of Iran, forming ergs such as Yazd, Ashkzar, Kashan and Jazmurian. Jazmurian erg and its surrounding areas at the border of south of Kerman and Sistan-Baloochestan provinces, Iran experiences severe wind erosion, which causes both on-site and off-site effects.Although there have been studies of Aeolian sand in both arid and semiarid zones, much of the focus has been on genesis of dune forms, sedimentary structures, and chronology of dune deposition. It is interesting that there has been much less work done on understanding dune sediment provenance (Muhs, 2017).Therefore, Identifying and quantifying source contribution of Aeolian sediments is necessary to decreasing on-site and off-site effects of wind erosion in the arid and semi-arid regions of worldwide. Sediment fingerprinting was applied by many researchers to quantifying source contributions of fluvial sediments (e.g., Collins et al, 1997; Walling et al, 1999; Pulley et al, 2015; Haddadchi et al, 2013; Nosrati et al, 2014) and several studies applied this technique to quantify source contributions of Aeolian sediments (e.g., Gholami et al, 2017a,b; Liu et al, 2016). A remarkable range of properties has been employed in sediment fingerprinting studies including geochemical elements (Collins et al, 2012; Lamba et al, 2015; Liu et al, 2016a; Gholami et al, 2017b), geochemical indicators (Vale et al, 2016), isotopic reatios (Douglas et al, 1995), radionuclides (Walling et al, 1999; Olley et al, 2012), organic elements (Walling et al, 1999; Gellis et al, 2009), magnetic properties (Russell et al, 2001) and physical signatures (Kouhpeima et al, 2010). MethodologySediment fingerprinting applied to quantifying source contributions of sand dune sediments in the Jazmurian region, south of Kerman. In order to, we collected 58 surficial samples from potential sources including  7 samples from Qs, 25 samples from Qal, 5 samples from Qt and 21 samples from Qc; and also, 14 samples collected from Qsd as sediment region. Then, 10 tracers including Ni, Cu, Co, Cr, Ga, Mn, P, Ba, Sr and Li measured at each samples. For discriminating sources of sand dune sediments applied a two-stage statistical procedure including Kruskal-Wallis and stepwise Discriminant Function Analysis. Finally, source contribution of sand dune sediments quantified using two mixing models including Collins et al, (1997) and Hughes et al, (2009). In all mixing models, the objective is to determine the source contribution for Aeolian sediment samples by minimizing the errors. Solutions to this models are obtained by finding values for proportional source contributions that minimize the calculated difference between the mean tracer concentrations in potential source and sediment samples (Smith et al., 2013). For calculating of optimum contributions, we used SOLVER tools in the Excel.Results and DiscussionsResults of two-stage statistical procedure showed that all 10 tracers are capable to discriminating sources of sand dune and results from second step showed that four tracers Cr, Ni, Co and Li were selected as optimum composite fingerprints as entrance parameters to mixing models. According to two mixing models results, Qs recognized as dominant source for seven sediment samples and also, Qal provided the most contributions for six sediment samples. GOF values ranged between 80 to 98% for both Collins and Hughes mixing models. Several researchers used a GOF for assessing results of Collins mixing model to sediment fingerprinting (e.g., Collins et al, 2010; Haddadchi et al, 2013; Collins et al, 2013; Stone et al, 2014; Lamba et al, 2015; Liu et al, 2016b). ConclusionMixing models used in the sediment fingerprinting are effective tools for quantifying of source contribution of Aeolian sediments. Here, we applied a sediment fingerprinting technique to quantifying source contributions of sand dune sediments. Four optimum composite fingerprints generated highly acceptable GOF values for all four mixing models using the local optimization approach in the Solver. Qs and Qal recognized as major sources supplying sediments for sand dunes in the Jazmurian region. Based on GOF results, Collins mixing model was more efficient to Hughes mixing model to quantify source contributions. Finally, we suggests applying Collins mixing model to quantifying source contributions of sand dune sediments at other regions with active sand dunes.}, keywords = {Mixing Models,Sediment Fingerprinting,Optimum Composite Fingerprints,Jazmurian regions}, title_fa = {سهم بندی منابع رسوبات تپه‌های ماسه‌ای با استفاده از دو مدل ترکیبی مورد استفاده در روش انگشت-نگاری رسوب (مطالعه موردی: منطقه ی جازموریان، جنوب استان کرمان)}, abstract_fa = {روش انگشت­نگاری رسوب همراه با مدل­های ترکیبی یک رویکرد رایج در کمی نمودن سهم منابع رسوبات به­ویژه رسوبات آبی می­باشد ولی در زمینه رسوبات بادی تحقیقات اندکی انجام شده است. در این تحقیق، دو مدل ترکیبی کالینز و هوگس مورد استفاده در انگشت­نگاری رسوب به منظور کمی نمودن سهم منابع رسوبات تپه­های ماسه­ای در منطقه جازموریان، جنوب کرمان بکار برده شد. بدین منظور پس از تعیین جهات باد و تهیه نقشه­ زمین­شناسی، اقدام به نمونه­برداری از منابع بالقوه تپه­های ماسه­ای شامل پهنه­های ماسه­ای (Qs)، رسوبات آبرفتی ریزدانه و بستر خشکرودها (Qal)، رسوبات مخروط افکنه­ها و پادگانه­ها (Qt) و ترکیب رس و نمک (Qc)؛ و از مناطق رسوب یا تپه­های ماسه­ای (Qsd) گردید. به طوری که 58 نمونه سطحی از منابع بالقوه تپه­های ماسه­ای شامل 7 نمونه از Qs، 25 نمونه از Qal، 5 نمونه از Qt و 21 نمونه از Qc؛ و 14 نمونه از مناطق رسوب (Qsd) برداشت گردید و پس از آماده­سازی نمونه­ها، غلظت ده عنصر (Ni, Cu, Co, Cr, Ga, Mn, P, Ba, Sr و Li) اندازه­گیری شد. به منظور تفکیک منابع تپه­های ماسه­ای، از یک فرآیند آماری دو مرحله­ای شامل تست­های کروسکال والیس و آنالیز تابع تشخیص گام به گام استفاده گردید که چهار ردیاب شامل Cr, Li, Ni و Co به عنوان ردیاب­های بهینه انتخاب شدند و به عنوان پارامترهای ورودی به مدل­های ترکیبی مورد استفاده قرار گرفتند. سهم­های ارائه شده برای منابع تپه­های ماسه­ای توسط هر دو مدل مشابه هم بدست آمد و منابع Qs و Qal به عنوان منابع غالب برای 14 نمونه تپه ماسه­ای شناخته شدند. همچنین بر طبق نتایج، مقادیر GOF محاسبه شده برای مدل کالینز (با بالاترین مقدار GOF برابر 95/99 درصد) بالاتر از مدل هوگس (با بالاترین GOF برابر 9/99 درصد) محاسبه شد که نشان­دهنده کارآیی بالای این مدل در منشایابی رسوبات تپه ماسه­ای می­باشد. به طور کلی، استفاده از روش انگشت­نگاری رسوب با مدل ترکیبی کالینز برای کمی نمودن سهم منابع تپه­های ماسه­ای فعال در سایر مناطق پیشنهاد می­گردد.}, keywords_fa = {مدل‌های ترکیبی,انگشت‌نگاری رسوب,ردیاب بهینه,جازموریان}, url = {https://www.geomorphologyjournal.ir/article_78091.html}, eprint = {https://www.geomorphologyjournal.ir/article_78091_992439bd9f2e61db5d9ce367c74c2a04.pdf} } @article { author = {قاسمیان, بهاره and عابدینی, موسی and روستائی, شهرام and شیرزادی, عطا الله}, title = {Landslide Susceptibility assessment using Support vector machine algorithm (Case Study: Kamyaran County, Kurdistan province)}, journal = {Quantitative Geomorphological Research}, volume = {6}, number = {3}, pages = {15-36}, year = {2018}, publisher = {Iranian Association of Geomorphology}, issn = {22519424}, eissn = {}, doi = {}, abstract = {One of the slopping processes which created much damage in many locations of Iran and the world is Landslide phenomenon. Identification of susceptible areas to landslide occurrence is one of the basic measures for reduction of the possible risk and management. The main goal of this research is to evaluate Landslide Susceptibility assessment using Support vector machine algorithm. At first, a landslide inventory map with 60 landslide locations for the study area was drawn from various sources. Landslide locations were then spatially randomly split in a ratio of 70/30 for building landslide model and for the model validation.Training and testing of RBF Function the SVM algorithm was evaluated over an assembly of spatial attributes, which included slope angle, elevation, aspect, solar radiation, profile curvature, plan curvature, lithology, land use, distance to fault, distance to road and distance to river with respect of the referent model. Finally the study area was classified into five sensitivity classes’ very high, high, moderate, low and very low. Then Performance of the method has been evaluated using the ROC curve. The results show that area under the ROC curve (AUC) using training dataset is (0/950) and using validation dataset is (0/931). Therefore, analysis and comparison of the results show that RBF Function SVM model performed well for landslide susceptibility assessment in the study area and the results from this the results from this study can be useful for land use planning, mitigate landslide hazards and decision making in landslide prone areas.}, keywords = {Susceptibility,Landslide,Support Vector Machine Algorithm,ROC curve,Kamyaran}, title_fa = {ارزیابی حساسیت زمین‌لغزش با استفاده از الگوریتم ماشین پشتیبان‌بردار (مطالعه موردی: شهرستان کامیاران، استان کردستان)}, abstract_fa = {یکی از انواع فرآیندهای دامنه­ای که هر ساله موجب خسارات جانی و مالی فراوان در بسیاری از نقاط ایران و جهان می­شود، پدیده زمین­لغزش است. شناسایی مناطق مستعد وقوع زمین­لغزش از طریق پهنه­بندی خطر، یکی از اقدامات مؤثر و ضروری در کاهش خطرات احتمالی و مدیریت آن می­باشد. هدف اصلی این پژوهش، ارزیابی حساسیت زمین­لغزش در شهرستان کامیاران با استفاده از مدل ماشین­پشتیبان­بردار می­باشد. در ابتدا، نقشه پراکنش زمین­لغزش با 60 نقطه لغزشی در منطقه مورد مطالعه با استفاده از منابع مختلف ترسیم گردید. پس از آن مکان­های لغزشی، به صورت تصادفی به یک نسبت 70 به 30 برای ساخت مدل زمین­لغزش و اعتبارسنجی آن تقسیم شدند. آموزش و صحت­سنجی تابع RBF از الگوریتم SVM توسط یک پایگاه داده مکانی با مجموع دوازده عامل زمین­لغزش از جمله شیب، جهت شیب، ارتفاع، انحنای شیب، انحنای عرضی شیب، انحنای طولی شیب، شدت تابش خورشید، لیتولوژی، کاربری اراضی، فاصله از گسل، فاصله از جاده و فاصله از رودخانه با توجه به مدل مرجع مورد بررسی قرار گرفتند. در نهایت منطقه مورد مطالعه به پنج کلاس حساسیت بسیار بالا، بالا، متوسط، کم و بسیار کم تقسیم شد. سپس عمکرد این الگوریتم با استفاده از منحنی ROC مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. نتایج نشان می­دهد که سطح زیر منحنی (AUC) با استفاده از مجموعه داده­های آموزشی (970/0) و با استفاده از داده­های صحت­سنجی (882/0) می­باشد. لذا تجزیه و تحلیل نتایج نشان­دهنده آن بود که تابع RBF مدل SVM عملکرد خوبی جهت ارزیابی حساسیت زمین­لغزش در منطقه مورد مطالعه دارد و نتایج به دست­آمده از این پژوهش می­تواند برای برنامه­ریزی کاربری اراضی، کاهش خطرات زمین­لغزش و تصمیم­گیری در مناطق مستعد ­لغزش مفید واقع گردد.}, keywords_fa = {حساسیت,زمین‌لغزش,الگوریتم ماشین‌پشتیبان بردار (SVM),منحنی (ROC),کامیاران}, url = {https://www.geomorphologyjournal.ir/article_78092.html}, eprint = {https://www.geomorphologyjournal.ir/article_78092_8103a401f4cf2f7a418c1e0ee71f530d.pdf} } @article { author = {مقصودی, مهران and زمان زاده, سیدمحمد and یمانی, مجتبی and حاجی زاده, عبدالحسین}, title = {Assessment of tectonic of Maroon River catchment using geomorphic indices and improved the indices relations}, journal = {Quantitative Geomorphological Research}, volume = {6}, number = {3}, pages = {37-59}, year = {2018}, publisher = {Iranian Association of Geomorphology}, issn = {22519424}, eissn = {}, doi = {}, abstract = {Extended Abstract: Tectonic geomorphology is defined as the study of landforms produced by tectonic processes, or the application of geomorphic principles to the solution of tectonic problems. (zovoili,2004). These indices have been developed as basic reconnaissance tools to identify areas experiencing rapid tectonic deformation (keller & Pinter, 1996). For study of morphotectonic of region, we must receive the geomorphic indices. These indices are particularly used to study active tectonics.In this paper we are undertaking a tectonic geomorphology of Maroon River catchment. That the aim of this paper is to determine the most geomorphic indexes such as SL (stream- Length gradient),  AF (Asymmetry factor) , Vf  (Vf Ratio of valley floor width to valley height), B (Basin shape index), Smf (Mountain front sinuosity index), P (Drainage density),This paper focuses on the application of morphometric analysis at Maroon River catchment in southwest Iran and geomorphic development of Maroon River in response to the neotectonic movements along catchment.The stream length-gradient index is correclated to stream power and is defined as , where  is the length of the stream from the point of interest, is the change in elevation of the reach and is the length of the reach.the SL index is very sensitive to changes in channel slope, to rock resistance, to topography and to the length of the stream.The asymmetry factor (AF) is used to indicate tectonic tilting at scale of drainage basin and is calculated by equation  where  is the area of the right- hand side basin and  is total area of the drainage basin.Triangular facets are interpreted as variably degraded remnants of fault generated footwall scarps. The Vf index is related to the shape of the valley and is calculated by equation , where  Is the width of the valley floor,  are the elevation of the left and right valley divides, respectively, and  is the elevation of the valley floor.The Smf index reflects the balance between erosional and tectonic forces affecting a mountain front and is defined as   where is the length of the mountain front and  is the straight line length of the mountain front.The area of research is located on southwestern of Iran in Zagros Mountains at Khuzestan province. In this research we studied Maroon River that originated in the Zagros Mountain. It forms a large alluvial fan. The start (source) from Sadat-Nil mountains and terminated to Jarahi River. The length of Maroon River  is approximately 280km. The Maroon River basin depended on altitude have some different climate. The high land and mountains (up 2500meters) have cold Mediterranean climate, and hill area have Subtropical (2500 – 1000meters) and low land and plains have semiarid. From geomorphology viewpoint, three morphologic faces are dominant on Khuzestan province. At first rocky units which are located in north east of the province. Second; hill units which have coverage in areas located around Dezful, Ramhormoz & Ahwaz cities. Third, alluvial plains & flood plains that form the grounds located in south of Ahwaz to Persian gulf beaches & are a kind of deposited geomorphologies. Mountainous part in Khuzestan is a sample from uniform folded mountainous masses that are named folded Zagros in considering having special lithologic and structural characteristics. Alluvial coverage has hidden geological characteristics of Arabian plat form but regional data especially geophysical data indicates that in this part of the province, sedimentary sequences have clastic facies and a trend of N-S, as very open folds with sides near to horizon have been folded. Geological formations of Khuzestan zone has been thrust as a part of folded Zagros have been formed in sedimentary and tectonic condition hence they have considerable facial differences in terms of time and space.In this paper we used Arial image, topographical maps, geological maps, Digital Elevation model, field work and applied software such as ArcGIS, Google Earth,In this paper some of formula of geomorphic indices has improved and some of them have changed. In some indices the authors designed the new formula. The geomorphic indices in this article were calculated. And for any indices the histograms and tables were prepared.In Behbahan plain and Aghajari plain and the behind of the Maroon River there are some prehistorical settlement and ancient sites and historic sites. The tectonic and geomorphology landscapes influenced in location these sites. During the time some of the sites were abandoned because of tectonic processing and landscapesIn this paper the geomorphic indices have calculated and compared with standard tables and formula and it was concluded that the Maroon River catchment have a high active tectonic and influenced in landscapes.In the end of paper the authors assessment the theory of errors of geomorphic indices.}, keywords = {Morphotectonic,Bebahan,Maroon River,Geomorphic indices}, title_fa = {بررسی تکتونیک فعال حوضه‌ آبریز مارون با استفاده از شاخص‌های ژئومورفیک}, abstract_fa = {لندفرم­های ایجاد شده بوسیله فرایندهای تکتونیک توسط علم ژئومورفولوژی تکتونیک مطالعه می­شود؛ به عبارتی، ژئومورفولوژی تکتونیک کاربرد اصول ژئومورفیک در حل مسائل تکتونیک می­باشد. اندازه گیری­های کمی ژئومورفیک با استفاده از نقشه­های توپوگرافی، عکس­های هوایی، تصاویر ماهواره­ای و بازدیدهای میدانی صورت می­گیرد.  نتایج حاصل از چندین شاخص برای ارزیابی میزان فعالیت تکتونیکی با همدیگر تلفیق می شوند. در این مقاله به بررسی شاخص های ژئومورفیک در این حوضه پرداخت شد. در این مقاله به منظور محاسبه شاخص­های ژئومورفیک از تصاویر ماهواره­ای، نقشه­های زمین­شناسی، توپوگرافی، بازدیدهای میدانی و اصول هندسه و ریاضی و نرم افزار Arc GIS  استفاده شده است. منطقه مورد مطالعه حوضه رودخانه مارون در جنوب غربی ایران و در استان­های کهگیلویه و بویر احمد و خوزستان می­باشد. طول آبراهه 280 کیلومتر می­باشد. شاخص­های مورد استفاده در این مقاله: شاخص گرادیان طول آبراهه (SL)، شاخص تقارن حوضه (AF)، شاخص نسبت پهنای کف دره به ارتفاع (Vf)، شاخص شکل حوضه (B)، شاخص سینوسیته جبهه کوهستان (Smf)، شاخص تراکم زهکشی (P)، شاخص سطوح مثلثی شکل  (TF)، شاخص تقارن توپوگرافی معکوس (T)،  می­باشد. برای بعضی از این شاخص­ها روابط جدید و برای برخی دیگر نیز فرمول­هایی برای استانداردکردن آنها طراحی شد. در انتهای مقاله به بررسی تئوری خطاهای شاخص­ها پرداخت شد. طبق نتایج بدست آمده از بررسی شاخص ها حوضه رودخانه مارون از نظر نوزمین ساختی و بالاآمدگی فعال می­باشد. زیرحوضه­های بالادست بیشتر از زیرحوضه­های میانی و انتهایی فعال می­باشد تکتونیک منطقه تاثیر بسیار زیادی بر لندفرمها و سکونت­گاهها دارد. این نتایج با داده های حاصل از لرزه نگاری و ژئودینامیک که منطقه را منطقه ای لرزه خیز درنظرگرفته­اند همخوانی دارد.  }, keywords_fa = {مورفوتکتونیک,بهبهان,رودخانه مارون,شاخص های ژئومورفیک}, url = {https://www.geomorphologyjournal.ir/article_78093.html}, eprint = {https://www.geomorphologyjournal.ir/article_78093_eec95e27b94a493d8d1de796f03c0e76.pdf} } @article { author = {موسوی, سید مرتضی and خطیب, محمد مهدی and یوسفی, مهدی}, title = {Effect of the tectonic activities on the north Birjand alluvial fans morphology}, journal = {Quantitative Geomorphological Research}, volume = {6}, number = {3}, pages = {60-73}, year = {2018}, publisher = {Iranian Association of Geomorphology}, issn = {22519424}, eissn = {}, doi = {}, abstract = {The alluvial fans are the condensed forms of the Quaternary and the covenant period, and their examination can provide researchers with useful information about the neotectonic regional activities in which they were formed. Geomorphic indexs are useful and reliable tools for the evaluation of tectonic activities because they can easily be identified with areas that have experienced past tectonic or fast-moving activities. The tectonic movements change the surface of erosion and affect the active processes at the surface of the alluvial fans and their evolution. On this basis, we can use the alluvial fans surfaces to study the history and movements of faults and the occurrence of earthquakes. The occurrence of tectonic events, faults, folding, subsidence or uplift, results in the reaction of alluvial fans, so that the reaction can be recorded in the type, size, shape of the sediment and morphology of the alluvial fans. The slope of the alluvial fans surface is also controlled by tectonics, and so the morphological and geometric characteristics of the surface of the alluvial fans can be considered as tectonic activity. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the morphometric parameters of the alluvial fans located in the north of Birjand city and the relationship between the values of the geometric indices of the alluvial fans and the level of neotectonic activity of the Shekarab fault system.First, 22 alluvial fans were selected to examine the activity of northern Birjand which are related to the activity of the Shekarab fault segments . The domains of these alluvial fans was determined using topographic maps of 1: 25000 Birjand and Khosf, and ER Maper and Google Earth software and were digitized in the ARC GIS 10.3 software environment. Quantitative data such as area, slope, length, width and height of the fans were calculated from 1: 10000 geological maps of Birjand and Khosf. Topographic maps and DEM data were used to calculate the mean height and longitudinal profiles of the alluvial fans. In addition, field surveys were carried out to map faults in the region and identify their mechanism. In identifying the different levels of the alluvial fans, satellite images were interpreted. It was also used to investigate the effect of fault movement on the development and change of pattern and displacement of the alluvial fans. Morphometric indices of alluvial fans including bending coefficient (β), cone coefficient, elongation coefficient, altitude variation and longitudinal profile of alluvial fans are calculated and analyzed in this study.Due to the Shekarab fault is composed of different parts, the morphometric indexes of the alluvial fans were calculated to determine the tectonic activities in the three eastern, central and western parts. Based on the results obtained from the calculation of alluvial fans indexs and their integration together, as well as the comparison with the results of previous studies (Hamdouni, 2008 & Ioannis, 2006 & Blair, 1994), can be explained the relationship between the morphology of the alluvial fans area tectonics activities.North Birjand Area Tectonics is mainly affected by performance of the Shekarab fault Zone. Shekarab thrust has the east - west trend with 60 degree dip to north located in 4 km north of  the Birjand city. There is a seismic source for the Birjand city. Because the Shekarab fault is composed of different parts also for determining the tectonic activity, alluvial fans indexes are calculated in eastern, central and western parts. Calcluted numbers for alluvial fans bending index (β) in the entire zone indicate that all of the alluvial fans are ellipsoid shape and showing high tectonic activity. Average of spire coefficients in western, central and eastern alluvial fans respectively are 86 %, 92 % and 90 % and also Average of extentional coefficients respectively are 3.2, 2.33 and 2.92. Alluvial fans surface slope are more than 5ᴼ and elevational profils in all of them are concave showing quaternary activity resulted from performance of the Shekarab fault system. The indicators of the fault effect in alluvial fans such as scrape and displacement in alluvial fans, erosional canals, unsymetric and bended alluvial fans, the location of new alluvial fans related to mountains front are showing high tectonic activity in the reagion and also the more activity in the eastern and western parts than the Central part. Also in the western and eastern parts of Shrkarab fault that the fault segments are longer than central part, the volume of alluvial fans are more.}, keywords = {North of Birjand,Morphometrical Indexes,Alluvial fan,Active Tectonic}, title_fa = {تاثیر فعالیت‌های تکتونیکی بر مورفولوژی مخروط افکنه‌های شمال بیرجند}, abstract_fa = {زمین­ساخت منطقه شمال بیرجند عمدتا تحت تاثیر عملکرد پهنه گسلی شکرآب قرار دارد. راندگی شکرآب، دارای روند باختری- خاوری با شیب 60 درجه شمالی، در فاصله 4 کیلومتری از شمال شهر بیرجند قرار دارد که یک چشمه لرزه­ای برای شهر بیرجند است. بدلیل اینکه گسل شکرآب از قطعات مختلف تشکیل شده است، شاخص­های مرفومتریکی مخروطه افکنه­ها جهت تعیین پویایی زمینساختی در سه بخش شرقی، مرکزی و غربی  محاسبه گردید. مقادیر بدست آمده از شاخص خمیدگی مخروطه افکنه (β) در سراسر پهنه گسلی نشان می­دهد که تمامی مخروطه افکنه­های مورد مطالعه، بیضی شکل هستند و فعالیت بالای تکتونیکی را نشان می­دهند. میانگین درصد مخروط گرایی در مخروطه افکنه­های بخش غربی، مرکزی و شرقی گسل شکرآب به ترتیب برابر با 86 % ، 92 % و 90 % و همچنین میانگین ضریب کشیدگی(BS) به ترتیب برابر با 3.2 ، 2.33 و 2.92 است. شیب سطحی مخروطه افکنه­ها اکثرا بیشتر از 5 درجه است و نیمرخ ارتفاعی مخروط افکنه­­ها در اکثر قریب به اتفاق آنها، مقعر است که گویای فعالیت کواترنری ناشی از عملکرد سیستم گسلی شکرآب است. شواهد مربوط به تاثیر گسل بر مخروطه افکنه­ها از جمله بریدگی و جابجایی در مخروطه افکنه­ها، خندق­های فرسایشی، مخروطه افکنه­های نامتقارن و خمیده، موقعیت مخروطه افکنه­های جدید نسبت به پیشانی کوهستان، حاکی از فعالیت زمین ساختی بالا در منطقه و نیز بیشتر بودن فعالیت در بخش های غربی و شرقی نسبت به بخش مرکزی است. هم چنین در بخش­های غربی و شرقی گسل شکرآب که طول­ قطعات گسلی فعال بیشتر از بخش مرکزی می­باشد، وسعت مخروطه افکنه ایجاد شده بیشترمی­باشند.}, keywords_fa = {شمال بیرجند,شاخص مورفومتریکی,مخروطه افکنه,تکتونیک فعال}, url = {https://www.geomorphologyjournal.ir/article_78094.html}, eprint = {https://www.geomorphologyjournal.ir/article_78094_4bd0aacc691fd27b6c246c96de3080f9.pdf} } @article { author = {صمدی, امیر and عزیزیان, اصغر and مظفری, جواد}, title = {A Numerical Study of the Movement Pattern of Sand and Gravel Mining using 1D/2D Models}, journal = {Quantitative Geomorphological Research}, volume = {6}, number = {3}, pages = {74-89}, year = {2018}, publisher = {Iranian Association of Geomorphology}, issn = {22519424}, eissn = {}, doi = {}, abstract = {Several construction projects such as dam construction, road construction and building, may increased the sand and gravel materials demand in the country. However, cost savings, convenience and high quality of fluvial materials, will lead to excessive use of the sediment capacity of river in construction projects. Non normative utilization of the fluvial materials destroy the lands overlooking the river, aquatic habitats, birds, and animals of the region, and interrupt the natural balance of the rivers, as well. In many cases, the economic value of the damage, which has been done, is much more than the interest earned by the sale of the materials. If we removed sand and gravel materials from good sites, under appropriate technical principles and proper management, not only the negative consequences are minimized, also the performance and stability of the river are increased.In case the exploitation of rivers exceeds the legal limit, the river restores its balance in response to changes. Hence, the river could be considered as a living organism and must be treated totally carefully to reduce side effects. In other words, even small changes in the structure of river, will lead to a broader range of changes. Therefore, it is necessary to predict how river responds to changes before any action is taken (Hedayatipur et al., 2010). In this research, HEC-RAS one-dimensional and CCHE2D two-dimensional models have been used to evaluate and to compare the existing sediment transport functions. Furthermore, some scenarios have been designed to sand mining at beds and banks of Sarbaz river in Sistan and Balouchestan province and its effects on hydraulic and sediment characteristics of river flow have been investigated using HEC-RAS model. The main reason to choose Sarbaz river had been illegal and successive mining from the river in recent years. Improper and excessive instream mining activities during a seven-year time period (between 2002 and 2009) has caused more than 4 meters degradation on Sarbaz riverbed, riverbanks failure, destruction of agricultural lands near Rask Village and consequent problems. Riverbank excavation has caused water diversion to this part, and riverbank erosion. This poses hazards to bridges and structures on the river. Methodology: Sand and gravel mining in the studied area of the Sarbaz river has caused disruption of the flow pattern and as a result of the concentration of the river flow, especially in case of flood to the riverbanks. The concentration of flow at the toe of the riverbank caused their erosion and followed by bank failure. Consequently it caused destruction of gardens, agricultural lands and moving to residential buildings located on the riverbank. Considering that the hydrograph with a 2-year return period is usually used for dominant discharge and the hydrograph with a return period of 25 years is used in floodway and flood fringe studies, these two have been used as the main hydrographs. To investigate the effect of various sand and gravel mining patterns on the hydraulic properties of the Sarbaz River, nine hypothetical scenarios, including removal of materials from the bed and the riverbank, were simulated in a 10-kilometer interval by a one-dimensional model, HEC-RAS. The scenarios implemented were:1- Sand and gravel mining from the bed of the river at depths of 1, 2 and 3 meters,2- Sand and gravel mining from the banks of the river with a width of 20, 40 and 80 meters,3- Sand and gravel mining with a depth of 1 m from the bed and a width of 20 m at the bank, a depth of 2 m from the bed and a width of 40 m at the bank and a depth of 3 m from the bed and a width of 80 meters at the bank.According to the above scenarios, the model was implemented for floods with return periods of 2, 25 and 50 years.To study how sand and gravel pits moving in Sarbaz river, and to compare the results of field measurements with those of simulation by one-dimensional HEC-RAS and two-dimensional CCHE2D models, an artificial pit with 32 m length, 20 m width and 3 m depth was dug in a reach of Sarbaz river. Dimensions of the pit was surveyed using surveying instruments (theodolite camera and levelling staff) at different times. Measurements done over a period of 31 days in May 2014. The root mean square error (RMSE) has been used to evaluate each function in the selected models. In calibration step, the longitudinal profile obtained from each sediment transport function was compared with observational data, and the function that showed the least difference (using the RMSE function) was considered as the appropriate sediment transport function. Results and Discussion:The results of this study showed that the effect of degradation pattern in the upstream part of the mining site is more than that of river widening, e.g. the effect of 80 meters river widening is even less than the effect of 1 meter deepening. The maximum bed-level changes due to degradation was also 3 meters. The results of this study showed that sand and gravel removal, reduced the water level upstream of the excavation pits. In addition, due to the reduced groundwater level in the area, the results of previous studies (WCC, 1980; Majnonian, 1999; Femmer, 2003; IWRM, 2005) on the groundwater level decrease due to the decrease in the permeability of the river bed in gravel pits are confirmed. Besides reducing groundwater resources, it causes severe damage to agricultural lands. Moreover, based on the values obtained from the RMSE, two-dimensional CCHE2D model give more reliable results than HEC-RAS one-dimensional model in terms of flow characteristics, grain-size of bed material, sediment transport functions, and other parameters under the same conditions. Conclusion:The results of this study showed that the influence of degradation pattern in the upstream part of the sand and gravel mining, is more than the effect of river widening and if the material was removed from the river bed at high distances, the river bed level will be changed more severe. Finally, numerical simulation results show that in the same context of flow characteristics, grain-size of bed material, sediment transport functions and other parameters, the 2D model will obtain more reliable results.}, keywords = {Sand Gravel Mining,Sarbaz River,Sediment,Numerical Model,Simulation}, title_fa = {مطالعه عددی الگوی جابجایی گودال‌های برداشت شن و ماسه با مدل‌ها‌ی یک بعدی و دوبعدی}, abstract_fa = {اجرای پروژه‌های عمرانی متعدد مانند طرح‌های سدسازی، راه‌سازی و ساختمان‌سازی باعث تشدید نیاز به مصالح کاربردی شن و ماسه در کشور شده است. در این بین، صرفه اقتصادی، سهل‌الوصول بودن و کیفیت بالای مصالح رودخانه‌ای موجب استفاده بیش از حد ظرفیت آورد رسوبی آنها جهت تامین مصالح در پروژه‌های عمرانی شده است. چنانچه برداشت شن و ماسه تحت اصول فنی مناسب از محل‌های مناسب و نیز تحت مدیریت صحیح صورت گیرد، نه تنها تبعات منفی آن به حداقل می‌رسد بلکه عملکرد رودخانه و پایداری آن نیز افزایش می‌یابد. در این مقاله ابتدا تعدادی سناریو برای برداشت شن و ماسه از بستر رودخانه سرباز طرح‌ریزی و اثرات آن بر روی سیستم جریان رودخانه با استفاده از مدل یک بعدی شبیه‌سازی جریان و رسوب ارزیابی و تحلیل شده است. سپس نسبت به ایجاد یک گودال مصنوعی در مسیر رودخانه و اندازه‌گیری مشخصات هندسی آن در مدت زمانی یک ماه اقدام شده است. هم‌زمان نیز شبیه‌سازی عددی پاسخ سیستم رودخانه با استفاده از مدل‌های یک بعدی و دو بعدی مورد تحلیل قرار گرفته است. نتایج این تحقیق در وهله اول نشان داد که تاثیر الگوی تعمیق در بالادست محل برداشت شن و ماسه بیشتر از تاثیر تعریض رودخانه می‌باشد. یعنی تعریض 80 متری تنها باعث گودافتادگی 5/108 سانتیمتری بستر می‌شود و درمقابل تعمیق یک متری آن موجب گودافتادگی 120 سانتیمتری بستر می‌شود. لذا برداشت مصالح از بستر رودخانه در اعماق زیاد، تغییر تراز بستر رودخانه را شدیدتر خواهد کرد. ثانیاً نتایج شبیه‌سازی عددی نشان داد که مدل دو بعدی بکار رفته در شرایط یکسان از نظر خصوصیات جریان، مصالح و دانه­بندی بستر، توابع انتقال رسوب و دیگر پارامترها، نتایج قابل اعتمادتری را بدست خواهد داد. نتایج این تحقیق نشان داد که می‌توان با مدلسازی عددی گودال‌های برداشت شن و ماسه، با دقت مناسبی پیامدهای آنرا تحلیل و نسبت به انتخاب الگوی مناسب برداشت مصالح اقدام نمود.  }, keywords_fa = {برداشت مصالح,رودخانه سرباز,رسوب,مدل عددی,شبیه‌سازی}, url = {https://www.geomorphologyjournal.ir/article_78095.html}, eprint = {https://www.geomorphologyjournal.ir/article_78095_c49661be07cc7b4267ed4ff70575a57c.pdf} } @article { author = {کرم, امیر and ضیائیان, پرویز and یمانی, مجتبی and عنایتی, مریم}, title = {Detection of the effect of land use change on the spatial distribution of dust in northwestern central Iran}, journal = {Quantitative Geomorphological Research}, volume = {6}, number = {3}, pages = {90-104}, year = {2018}, publisher = {Iranian Association of Geomorphology}, issn = {22519424}, eissn = {}, doi = {}, abstract = {Dust storm is a natural event that forms in parts of the world that have arid and semi-arid areas. This phenomenon is one of the climatic disasters and its occurrence has many adverse effects. Dust storm dramatically reduces air quality and endangers human health. The main objective of this study was to investigate the relationship between the land use change variations and spatial variations of the MODIS optical depth index in northwestern central Iran. The study area includes the provinces of Tehran, Alborz, Qom, Qazvin, Markazi province. In this research, data has been used. The first batch of data is data from Landsat satellite imagery that was used to derive a land use map for the period 2000 and 2016. The second group of data used is the data for the MODIS Aqua and Terra Optical Depth Sensor, which has been obtained for the last two years as an average of 3 years. These data are powered by a spatial resolution of 10x10 km, and are used monthly. To characterize land cover variations, the satellite-controlled satellite sorting method has been used with maximum similarity algorithm. Two precision measurement indicators including general health index and kappa coefficient have been used for classification classification validation. By using the supervised classification method of maximum similarity, 9 land use categories such as field lands, grasslands, gardens, agriculture, water zones, urban areas, shore lake, desert, forest, has been identified which is the most commonly used for the rangelands, which in each two years More than 50% of the area is covered by the area, the least is forest use. Also, 35% of land and 35% of meadows have fallen by 11% compared to 2000. In 2000, rangelands and then agriculture, respectively, with 56% and 24% of the area of the study area, had the most applications, and the lowest level of use was related to the water zones, which accounted for 0.008 of the area of the study area. While In 2016, two rangelands and then agriculture, respectively, with 50% and 27% of the area of the study area, have the most applications, and forest areas as users that have the lowest area of the study area are distributed in a sporadic way In the northwest of the region. The results of classification validation showed that the classification accuracy based on the Kappa index for the two years 2000 and 2016 was 85% and 86%, respectively. Also, the results indicate that in 2000 the average spatial value of AOD index in the surveyed area was 0.65, which means almost average dust. In 2016, the average spatial value of the AOD indicator in the surveyed area was 72%, indicating an increase in dust accumulation in the entire surveyed area. In 2000, the eastern regions of the region, which are mostly based on salvation and desert coatings, have the highest AOD  value of 0.88 to 0.89. The northern and southern regions of the surveyed area had the lowest AOD index this year, which was less than 0.5. In 2016, the spatial extent of areas with high values of the optical depth index has increased, and the numerical magnitude of this index has increased. In 2016, it reached 0.8 to 0.92 in the eastern regions, indicating an increase in dust concentration in this part of the surveyed area than in 2000. This year, the maximum dust was found in the eastern part of the country and is based on saline and desert areas and the most desert dust fields. Agricultural landscapes, quality rangelands and forests are the lowest in the AODs for each year, which is less than 0.5 and, to a lesser extent, below 0.3. The results of the research also showed that in the area under study, the maximum dust index is for uses such as saline and desert, which during the 17 year period, these two growth surface coatings were equal to 0.95. In spite of the spatial growth of these two users, in addition to the increase in the mean spatial depth of the optical depth of the aerosols (from 0.65 in 2000 to 0.72 in 2016), the spatial extent of the maximum dust level observed in the eastern regions of the year 2016 is about 2.1times more than in 2000, and the AOD index has increased from 0.8 to 0.92 in 2016.     }, keywords = {land use,Central Iran,Dust}, title_fa = {آشکارسازی تأثیر تغییرات کاربری اراضی بر توزیع فضایی گردوغبار در شمال غرب ایران مرکزی}, abstract_fa = {تغییرات پوشش اراضی می‌تواند منجر به از بین رفتن پوشش گیاهی و ایجاد شرایط بیابانی شود و از این طریق باعث افزایش گردوغبار گردد. هدف اصلی این تحقیق بررسی تغییرات پوشش اراضی و شاخص عمق نوری هواویزها AOD (که نمایه سنجش‌ازدوری گردوغبار سنجنده MODIS است) در دو دوره 2000 و 2016 می باشد. در این راستا داده‌های مربوط به تغییرات کاربری اراضی سال 2000 از تصاویر لندست 7 و سال 2016 از تصاویر لندست 8 اخذ گردیده است. نقشه پوشش سطحی با استفاده از این تصاویر به‌صورت طبقه‌بندی نظارت‌شده با الگوریتم بیشینه مشابهت، تولید گردیده است. داده‌های مربوط به AOD نیز از تصاویر آئروسل MODIS برای دو دوره مذکور به دست آمده است، درنهایت با تحلیل متقاطع فضایی و تحلیل ارتباط بین تغییرات کاربری، شاخص گردوغبار به دست آمد. نتایج بیانگر آن است که طی دوره موردبررسی دو کاربری، زمین‌های بایر و مراتع به ترتیب کاهشی برابر 35 درصد و 11درصد را داشته‌اند. بیشترین میزان افزایش کاربری ها مربوط به نواحی کویری و شوره‌زارها می باشدکه طی 17 سال، رشدی برابر 95درصد نسبت به سال 2000داشته‌اند. توزیع فضایی گردوغبار بر روی کاربری‌های زمین‌های شوره‌زارها و نواحی کویری، در هر دو سال بالا بوده است. به‌گونه‌ای که در سال 2000 میانگین فضایی شاخص AOD برای کل منطقه موردبررسی برابر 65/0 بوده است. میانگین فضایی این شاخص برای نواحی کویری برابر 72/0 و برای شوره‌زارها برابر 82/0 بوده است. درحالی‌که در سال 2016 میانگین فضایی این شاخص به 79/0 رسیده است و این شاخص در زمین‌های کویری به 93/0 و در شوره‌زارها به 88/0 رسیده است.    }, keywords_fa = {کاربری اراضی,ایران مرکزی,گردوغبار}, url = {https://www.geomorphologyjournal.ir/article_78096.html}, eprint = {https://www.geomorphologyjournal.ir/article_78096_cac08d3dc054212e05d3d20603459a9c.pdf} } @article { author = {جعفری, غلام حسن and بختیاری, فاطمه}, title = {Quaternary geomorphological evidence of captivity and diversion of rivers (Case study Ghezel Owzan)}, journal = {Quantitative Geomorphological Research}, volume = {6}, number = {3}, pages = {105-116}, year = {2018}, publisher = {Iranian Association of Geomorphology}, issn = {22519424}, eissn = {}, doi = {}, abstract = {The basis for recognizing the changes in the shape of the earth is the identification and understanding of the amount of displacement of sediments from one region to another, so that this displacement changes the morphology of all those areas. A fluvial system with a certain size, Significant changes in its evolution in the basin area, drainage pattern, Profiles waterways and their geometry was incurred. Having enough information about the changes and the river system evolution is very important to explain the river processes (Vanerberg& Maddy: 2000). In mountainous areas affected by the uplift process, River capture can be organized drainage network (Mather et al: 2000) and affect geomorphological evolution area. Increase the power of river erosion, increasing outflow of the river captor, Increase the Basin area and the knee of captivity among the most obvious of effects are captured by the river (Hamond: 2000). The Ghezel Owzan basin in an area of 50000 KM2 is in the northwest of Iran. Evolution of this system in the recent period of geological had many developments such deviation and capture. In capture, a branch of the drainage network is kidnapped by a branch of the basin area other. usually, regressive erosion occurs by base level changes or the current level and tectonic reasons. The deviation is mainly caused by the erosion of subtracting or side and regressive erosion will disturb the balance. Ghezel Owzan basen is located in the sout east of the Caspian sea. The most hight of the part it is the mountain of Chehel Cheshmeh of Kurdistan and length of the main river is over 550 km. This river passes from the provinces of Zanjan, East Azerbaijan, and Ardabil. Ghezel Ozan received multiple branches along your route in Gilan province, and it was entered into the Sefidrud dem. Basin level is 49400 sq. The basin is located in latitude 34 degrees and 55 minutes to 37 degrees 55 minutes north latitude and 46 degrees 27 minutes east longitude and 49 degrees 20 minutes.Materials and MethodsIn this study, first was identified five basins that may have occurred in them overall change in direction main branches of Ghezel Ozan with the help of topographic maps and the geomorphological evidence. There is some evidence such as curvature 90 degrees and more in the direction of the river, topography asymmetric two sides of the river, drainage basin asymmetric and alluvial deposits of the fans old in the dividing of basins. Then, in field observations, documentary data were reviewed and adapted to environmental conditions. Arc GIS software was extracted from the evidence of captivity or deviation, and was analyzed. The consequences of changes in the river in the fluvial system and changes caused by this phenomenon happens in the location and morphology of rivers has been discussed.Results and discussionIn examining the phenomenon of deviation and captured in the area of Ghezel Owzan five areas identified and analyzed. These five areas are: 1) Talkhehrood (Mehrabad), 2) Qalehchay, 3) Angoranchay, 4) Yoolkoshty, 5) Goran. In this basin, especially in places that have happened distraction, Significantly landforms is formed. The landforms have been disabled several processes that already changing. With the passage of time, the old form vanished and new forms are formed and are indicated. These changes likely to occur in the future is very high. One of the most important evidence and factors in the erosion bed and Sides of the river and the occurrence of captivity is Specification lithology. Formations located the sides of the river Ghezel Owzan have formed the specific lithology. The lithology of where the two sides the beach have differences together could be considered as evidence for the occurrence of the phenomenon of river captivity.ConclusionThe effects of geological and geomorphic factors, although considered to be slow, seem to be slow, but they are very important for radical and hydrological changes.The results indicate that there is evidence of change routes above the river that occurred during the Quaternary in Ghezel Owzan and has caused the strait, falling and rising levels of sediment create. In addition, changes in the Dubai sectional Ghezel Owzan redirection of twigs resulted in an increase in drilled practice and transporting marl scattered in most areas of this basin. The drilled more the mainstream, increased erosion regressive in the branches and in total has brought instability to the shores of this river. }, keywords = {Capture,diversion,System,Ghezel Owzan,Contour lines}, title_fa = {شواهد ژئومورفولوژیکی اسارت و انحراف‌ کواترنری رودخانه‌ها (مطالعه موردی حوضه قزل‌اوزن)}, abstract_fa = {هدف این مقاله بررسی شواهد ژئومورفولوژیکی اسارت و انحراف در رودخانه‌های حوضه قزل‌اوزن است. برای این منظور با کمک نقشه­های توپوگرافی 1:50000 و زمین­شناسی 1:100000 منطقه و با توجه به شواهد ژئومورفولوژیکی همچون، انحنای 90 درجه­ای و بیش­تر در مسیر رودخانه، وضعیت تقارن و عدم تقارن توپوگرافی و حوضه­ی زهکشی و وجود رسوبات آبرفتی مخروط­افکنه­ای قدیم در سراب رودخانه­ها، پنج سرشاخه‏ای از قزل‌اوزن را که به‌احتمال‌قوی در طی کواترنری دچار اسارت یا انحراف شده بودند، شناسایی گردید. با مطالعات میدانی صحت برداشت­های اولیه از نقشه­های توپوگرافی، مورد آزمون قرار گرفت. نتایج حاکی از آن است که وجود شواهد فوق حاکی از تغییر مسیر رودخانه‌ها در طی کواترنری است و باعث ایجاد تنگ­ها، پایین افتادن سطح اساس و افزایش رسوب در حوضه شده است. علاوه بر آن تغییر در دبی مقطعی قزل‌اوزن براثر تغییر مسیر سرشاخه‏ها، منجر به افزایش عمل حفر و حمل رسوبات مارنی شده که در اکثر نواحی این حوضه پراکنده‌شده‌اند. حفر بیشتر بستر اصلی، فرسایش قهقرایی در سرشاخه‏ها را‏ افزایش داده و درمجموع بی‌ثباتی را برای کناره‌های این رودخانه به ارمغان آورده است.}, keywords_fa = {اسارت رودخانه,انحراف رودخانه,سیستم رودخانه‌ای,قزل‌اوزن,منحنی میزان}, url = {https://www.geomorphologyjournal.ir/article_78097.html}, eprint = {https://www.geomorphologyjournal.ir/article_78097_0ed35cfe9204cb4c37099bdfba297426.pdf} } @article { author = {جعفربگلو, منصور and نادی‌زاده شورابه, سامان and امامی, کامیار and مرادی پور, فاطمه}, title = {Investigation and prediction of land use changes for lands under the influence of sand dunes in the eastern of the city of Boshrooyeh using Remote Sensing and Geographic Information System}, journal = {Quantitative Geomorphological Research}, volume = {6}, number = {3}, pages = {117-134}, year = {2018}, publisher = {Iranian Association of Geomorphology}, issn = {22519424}, eissn = {}, doi = {}, abstract = {IntroductionThe importance of studies of sand dunes is due to their effects on water and soil resources, plant life and animals, and facilities and ways of communication. Due to the fact that the studied sandstone hills in this study are located adjacent to residential areas and agricultural lands, slightest changes in their nature and dynamics can have minor or major effects of relatively Sustain the local communities in these areas. The issues caused by storms, such as the outbreak of diseases, are due to the transmission of pathogens, transport disturbances, damages to residential areas and the destruction of livestock, including these effects. By considering the significant damage brought about by the movement and development of sand dunes, and the extensive application of remote sensing in the process of making these changes, the main objectives of this study are to investigate the changes of sand dunes in the studied area, to predict land use variations by 2031, and to predict changes in the area of ​​sand dunes until 2048. Research MethodologyIn this study, sandstone changes obtained from Landsat satellite data (TM5-ETM + -OLI), developed from the USGS website, have been used. In this research, the geometric correction of these images has been discarded due to the fact that the images on the United States Geological Survey refer to less than 12 meters of ground. the images were taken using the FLAASH atmospheric correction. For images categorization, after selecting suitable bands, educational samples were taken and then the image classification was obtained. After classification, grading accuracy was evaluated. Finally, the trend analysis was carried out using a cross-sectional model and a change modifier and prediction of changes through the Markov chain. Landsat images of TM5, ETM + and OLI were used to study the morphological changes in sand dunes in a 15-year period (2001-2016). The topographic map and data related to Google Earth have been used to assess the classification accuracy. ArcGIS, ENVI, EDRISI and ERDAS software are also used for data interpretation, processing and analysis. Discussion and resultsThe trend of changes in the use of sand dunes during the period from 2001 to 2008 shows a decreasing trend. The results derived through reviewing the trend of changes in the second time period (2008-2016) show that the area of ​​10511.91 ha in 2008 was 1865.43 ha in dry and sandy areas and 68.31 hectares in the lands where the crop has become. An important point is that during this time period, the area of ​​sand dunes has not been built into lands, because sand dunes can be dangerous for human settlements. Also, during this time period, the area of ​​poor pasture land, dry land and saline lands and agricultural lands that are equivalent to 0.09, 87.66 and 2.34 hectares, are used for sand dunes it has become. The results of predicting land use changes for the next 15 years based on past changes indicate that the decline in sand dunes will continue in upcoming years so that 2468.79 hectares in the area of ​​Bayer and Dandies, 365.22 hectares will be converted into agricultural lands and 900 hectares of land will be built. Conclusionthe results show that the area of ​​sand dunes has decreased from 2001 to 2016, with an area of ​​12715.20 hectares in 2001 to 8668.26 hectares in 2016. The main reason for this change can be the conversion of sand dunes to land use and insecticide land at a rate of 3621.42 hectares and agricultural use of 5422.5 hectare. According to the field observations in the area and the survey of satellite images, The main reason for the decline in the sand dunes has been desertification plans implemented in the past decades, as well as the natural growth of Haloxylon on sand dunes and surrounding areas, and have had positive effects on biological desertification initiatives in sand hills stabilization. The other results of this study are prediction of the area of ​​sand dunes by 2048, which predicted the results showed that the area of ​​sand dunes from 8668.26 hectares in 2016 will receive to 4041.36 hectares in 2048.   }, keywords = {Monitoring Spatial – Temporal,Sand unes,Chain Markov,Remote Sensing,Boshrooyeh}, title_fa = {بررسی و پیش‌بینی تغییرات کاربری اراضی متأثر از تپه‌های ماسه‌ای در شرق شهر بشرویه با استفاده از سنجش از دور و سیستم اطلاعات جغرافیایی}, abstract_fa = {تپه­های ماسه­ای فعال و متحرک از جمله تهدیدات جدی اجتماعات انسانی مجاور می­باشند. بنابراین تعیین چگونگی گسترش و میزان فعالیت و جابه­جایی این تپه­های از مهم­ترین اهداف مطالعات فرسایش بادی است. استفاده از فناوری سنجش از دور به دلیل دید یکپارچه، کم هزینه و سریع یک روش کارآمد برای مطالعه و پایش تغییرات محیطی محسوب می­شود. بنابراین از اهداف اصلی این تحقیق بررسی میزان تغییرات و جابه­جایی تپه­های ماسه­ای در شرق شهر بشرویه، پیش­بینی تغییرات کاربری اراضی منطقه تا سال ۲۰۳۱ و پیش­بینی تغییرات مساحت کاربری تپه­های ماسه­ای تا سال ۲۰۴۸ با استفاده از سنجش از دور می­باشد. در تحقیق حاضر از تصاویر ماهواره­ای لندست طی سال­های ۲۰۰۱، ۲۰۰۸ و ۲۰۱۶ استفاده شده است. برای طبقه­بندی تصاویر از الگوریتم ماشین بردار پشتیبان استفاده شده است. در مرحله­ی بعد تغییرات ایجاد شده در کاربری­های اراضی با استفاده از مدل کراس­تب مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. سپس با استفاده از روش زنجیره­ی مارکوف، روند تغییرات آینده­ی کاربری اراضی تا سال ۲۰۳۱ و تغییرات مساحت کاربری تپه­های ماسه­ای تا سال ۲۰۴۸ مورد پیش­بینی قرار گرفت. نتایج حاصل بیانگر این است که وسعت زمین­های ماسه­ای از سال 2001 تا 2016 روند کاهشی داشته است؛ که مهمترین علت آن اجرای طرح­های بیایان­زدایی در قالب تاغ­کاری و رویش طبیعی تاغ روی تپه­های ماسه و نواحی اطراف آن بوده است. همچنین نتایج حاصل از پیش­بینی تغییرات کاربری اراضی برای 15 سال آینده نشان داد که 79/2468 هکتار از تپه­های ماسه­ای به کاربری اراضی بایر و شوره­زار، 22/365 هکتار به اراضی زراعی و 900 هکتار به اراضی ساخته­شده تبدیل خواهد شد. از دیگر نتایج این پژوهش پیش­بینی مساحت تپه­های ماسه­ای تا سال 2048 می­باشد که نشان داد مساحت تپه­های ماسه­ای از 26/8668 هکتار در سال 2016 به مساحتی برابر36/4041 هکتار خواهد رسید.  }, keywords_fa = {پایش مکانی-زمانی,تپه‌های ماسه‌ای,زنجیره مارکوف,سنجش از دور,بشرویه}, url = {https://www.geomorphologyjournal.ir/article_78098.html}, eprint = {https://www.geomorphologyjournal.ir/article_78098_64856d9f30b18791c8ea54be8a512a0b.pdf} } @article { author = {فعال اقدم, رعنا and ندیری, عطا الله and عباس نوین‌پور, اسفندیار}, title = {Evaluation of Bilverdi plain aquifer vulnerability based on combination of DRASTIC and SINTACS methods}, journal = {Quantitative Geomorphological Research}, volume = {6}, number = {3}, pages = {135-150}, year = {2018}, publisher = {Iranian Association of Geomorphology}, issn = {22519424}, eissn = {}, doi = {}, abstract = {Groundwater is the main source of fresh water in Bilverdi plain aquifer. The groundwater level declination in this aquifer has increased salinity and recently, more withdrawals have been forbidden. This aquifer exposes to high pollution risk due to presence of Vallilu arsenic mine. In this study the DRASTIC and SINTACS methods combined to assess Bilverdi aquifer vulnerability, The correlation coefficient between nitrate concentration in groundwater and vulnerability index  results showed that although SINTACS method have relatively better performance due to high correlation coefficient rather than drastic method, but selection of one methods as a best model do not seem reasonable due to similarity of the performances. Therefore, this study reaps advantages of both DRASTIC and SINTACS methods to evaluate vulnerability of Bilverdi plain aquifer. Based on this proposed method 36% of the area in plain center is located in low vulnerability area, 20% in the northeastern and southwest regions have high vulnerability and 43% of the area covered medium vulnerability. IntroductionGroundwater pollution due to increasing population, industrial and agricultural development need treatment which is costly and problematic. Therefore, The best and most important action is to identify vulnerable areas. Infiltration and release of pollutants from ground surface to groundwater can be defined as the concept of vulnerability. Bilverdi plain is one of the most active agricultural, livestock and industry sectors in which agricultural fertilizers are used. In addition, occurrence of Valilu arsenic mine and the probability of the impact of mine drainage on groundwater resources show the necessity of the aquifer vulnerability assessment. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the vulnerability of Bilverdi plain aquifer to determine areas with high potential of groundwater contamination using DRASTIC and SINTACS methods. combination method was suggested to reap the advantages of both methods to assess the vulnerability of this aquifer.MethodologyThe Bilverdi sub-basin, 289 km2 in area, is located approx. 65 km of Tabriz city, Eest Azerbaijan, Iran. In this study, Bilverdi plain vulnerability was considered with a new combination approach. DRASTIC method is a quantitative model that is designed to estimate the potential of groundwater system pollution in a regional scale based on seven hydrological parameters including groundwater depth (D), recharge (R), aquifer media (A), soil (S), topography (T), impact of unsaturated zone (I) and the hydraulic conductivity (C). These layers are overlaid by weighting based on Aller et al. (1987) to generate vulnerability map.The type and the number of parameters of the SINTACS method is also the same as to the DRASTIC method, but the rating and weighting of the parameters are different. Both methods have high predictive capability despite the similar correlation index. Choosing each of the methods as a superior method increases the uncertainty in the results. Therefore, in this study, for the simultaneous used efficiency of the both model, the combined model was presented to obtain accurate results. Results and Discussion  The vulnerability maps were obtained by overlaying seven parameters of SINTACS and DRASTIC methods in the Arc GIS environment. The DRASTIC index for Bilverdi plain is numerically between 53 and 160. According to Aller classification, three groups of vulnerability including low (53-97), medium (98-141) and high (160-414) corresponded to 13%, 82% and 5% of the area, respectively The SINTACS index is numerically between 70 and 169, which is divided into three groups: low (116-70), medium (117-164) and high (169-164) vulnerability and they are corresponded to 30%, 67% and 3% of the area, respectively.Correlation index (CI) of both methods show the similarity of them. Therefore, normalized vulnerability index of both methods are weighted by their CI values to generate combination method. The vulnerability index of combination method was obtained from 0. 00005 to 0. 96, which was classified into three groups: low vulnerability (0.52-0.00005), medium (0.69-0.50) and high (0.96-0.96) which was corresponded to 36.5%, 43.5% and 20% of the area, respectively. ConclusionIn this study, SINTACS and DRASTIC methods developed to assess groundwater vulnerability maps. According to results similarity of these methods, combination method adopted to reap the advantages of both methods. Presented method was indicated better results. In the Northeast and Southwest region of the Bilverdi plain, high vulnerability area located in the low groundwater depths areas and in the central areas of the plain, the vulnerability is low due to the presence of fine silt and clay grains. Advantages of both methods are adopted by combination method to cover disadvantages of each method to assess groundwater vulnerability in the Bilverdi plain aquifer.   }, keywords = {Bilverdi Plain,DRASTIC,DSM,SINTACS,vulnerability}, title_fa = {ارزیابی آسیب‌پذیری آبخوان دشت بیلوردی بر مبنای ترکیب روش‌های DRASTIC و SINTACS}, abstract_fa = {آب‌های زیرزمینی اصلی‌ترین منبع آب شیرین در دشت بیلوردی است. افزایش جمعیت و کشاورزی باعث شده آب زیرزمینی در این آبخوان در معرض خطر کمی و کیفی قرار گیرد، لذا بررسی آسیب‌پذیری و به تبع آن جلوگیری از آلودگی آب‌های زیرزمینی مهم و ضروری به نظر می رسد. افت شدید سطح آب در منطقه باعث کاهش کیفیت آب زیرزمینی شده و در چند سال اخیر این دشت جزء دشت‌های ممنوعه محسوب شده است. مسئله مهم دیگر، وجود معدن آرسنیک ولیلو در محدوده دشت است که خطر آلودگی آب‌های زیرزمینی را افزایش می‌دهد. در این پژوهش از ترکیب روش‌های  DRASTIC و SINTACS  برای پیش‌بینی آسیب‌پذیری آبخوان استفاده شده است. برای صحت‌سنجی نتایج ازداده‌های نیترات و ضریب همبستگی آن با شاخص آسیب‌پذیری در منطقه استفاده شد. نتایج نشان داد با وجود این‌که که روش SINTACS با ضریب همبستگی بالا نسبت به روش DRASTIC کارایی نسبی بهتری دارد ولی با توجه به تشابه و تقارب نتایج انتخاب یکی از آن‌ها به عنوان روش برتر برای ارزیابی آسیب‌پذیری محدوده مورد مطالعه کار منطقی به نظر نمی‌رسد. لذا در این تحقیق روش‌های DRASTIC و SINTACS  برای ارزیابی آسیب‌پذیری آبخوان دشت بیلوردی ترکیب شد تا از مزیت هر دو روش به طور همزمان استفاده شود. نتایج حاصل ازروش پیشنهادی  5/36 درصد مساحت منطقه در مرکز را جزو مناطق با آسیب‌پذیری کم و20 درصد از قسمت جنوب غربی و شمال‌شرق جزء مناطق با آسیب‌پذیری زیاد و 5/43 درصد  مساحت در محدوده آسیب‌پذیری متوسط قرار دارد. ارائه راهکار مناسب و باصرفه برای جلوگیری از افزایش آلودگی دشت از جمله تعیین مناطق آسیب‌پذیر، از اقدامات مهم و ضروری در محدوده مطالعاتی است.  }, keywords_fa = {آسیب‌پذیری,دشت بیلوردی,DRASTIC,SINTACS,روش ترکیبی}, url = {https://www.geomorphologyjournal.ir/article_78099.html}, eprint = {https://www.geomorphologyjournal.ir/article_78099_35bbd3bf60c0ad60a096f5094b37269f.pdf} } @article { author = {هنربخش, افشین and حیاوی, فریال}, title = {Experimental study of splash erosion in different soil textures using rainfall simulator}, journal = {Quantitative Geomorphological Research}, volume = {6}, number = {3}, pages = {151-162}, year = {2018}, publisher = {Iranian Association of Geomorphology}, issn = {22519424}, eissn = {}, doi = {}, abstract = {Introduction: Soil erosion is one the most serious environmental problems that causes great soil losses and threatens sustainable agriculture. Erosion cause severe land degradation and soil productivity loss, and generally consider as hazard of health society. For these reasons, preventing soil erosion is very important for managing and conserving the natural resources. Splash erosion is the first stage of the erosion process. It occurs when raindrops hit bare soil. The explosive impact breaks up soil aggregates so that individual soil particles are 'splashed' onto the soil surface. A rainfall simulator is an important tool for the study of runoff generation and soil loss because it can be used either under laboratory conditions, or in disturbed or natural soil. Splash cups have long been successfully used for both the quantification of kinetic energy of rainfall and the detachability of soil particles by rainfall impact, the so-called “splash erosion”. Splash erosion is highly affected by type of soil texture due to different particle size. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effects of different soil texture on splash erosion under different rainfall intensity using rainfall simulator.Methodology:  The Shahrekord watershed, which mainly has calcareous soil with more than 40% lime (total carbonates), is located in the central of Chahrmal-va-Bakhtiyari  province, between  458365 and 515623 N and 3550972 and  3603532 E according to UTM (WGS′ 1984, zone 39°N) with an area of about 1248 km2. For this study, 83 soil samples from different soil texture (light, moderate and heavy texture) were collected from 0-10 cm of soil surface. Rainfall simulator (Model FEL3) was used to simulate the rainfall with different intensity (65 mm-1 h-1 , 95 mm-1 h-1 and 120 mm-1 h-1).  Splash cup designed by Morgan (1978) was used to measure the splash erosion. Some physicochemical properties including soil texture, organic matter, water aggregate stability, pH, EC were analyzed. The diameter of the rain drops were measured by Bullet Meal Method under different rainfall intensity. The normal distribution of data was tested using Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, Duncan's mean comparison at 95% level, and the correlation between erosion erosion and soil variables was performed using Pearson test in SPSS 15 software.Results and discussion: Soil samples were classified to 3 classes including light texture (% clay < 30), moderate class ( % clay between 30 – 40)  and heavy class (% clay > 40). Results showed that there were significant differences between splash erosion under different soil textures under rainfall intensity of 65 mm-1 h-1 and 120 mm-1 h-1, while there was no significant differences between splash erosion under different soil textures under rainfall intensity of 95 mm-1 h-1. % clay with correlation coefficient of -0.388 was the most effective parameter on splash erosion. The average amount of spraying in the intensity of 120 mm h-1 and light texture with 11.13 is the highest and has the lowest mean intensity at 65 mm / h and average texture. In heavy texture, with a change in rainfall intensity of 65 to 95 and 120 mph, the rate of spraying increased by 1.4 and 1.7 times, respectively.The second and third were % OM and % sand with correlation coefficient of -0.375 and 0.375, respectively.  Organic matter  had a significant correlation of -375.0 and -255.0 with intensity of 65 mm-1 h-1 and 95 mm-1 h-1, respectively,  while it did not show significant correlation with intensity of 120 mm-1 h-1, which can be due to high movement of energy and heavy droplets of 120 mm-1 h-1. The average diameter of simulated rain drops at 65, 95 and 120 mm-1 h-1 were 1.2, 1.48 and 1. 57 mm using mean weighted method, , with all three severities having a significant difference with each other they had.Conclusion: based on the results, % clay with r= -0.388,  organic matter with r = -0.37 and % sand  r= -0.375  had high significant correlation with splash erosion. Although the content of lime had a significant correlation of -0.273 with intensity rainfall of 95 mm-1 h-1, there was no significant correlation between splash erosion with 65 mm-1 h-1 and 120 mm-1 h-1. A significant negative correlation  of  -0.375)  between soil % organic matter and splash erosion indicates that the effects of rain drops erosion can be attributed to the application of vegetation regeneration and strengthening methods that increase the % organic matter content of the soil. The splash erosion was significantly reduced with using increasing % organic matter. It is recommended that in future studies, in addition to assessing the different rainfall intensities and different types of tissue types, investigate the different types of vegetation cover in preventing erosion spraying. }, keywords = {Sharekord,Splash erosion. Splash cup,Erosion}, title_fa = {مطالعه آزمایشگاهی فرسایش پاشمانی در بافت‌های مختلف خاک با استفاده از شبیه ساز باران}, abstract_fa = {فرسایش پاشمانی اولین مرحله پدیده فرسایش و عامل اصلی از دست رفتن حاصلخیزی خاک است که ارتباط مستقیمی با بافت خاک دارد. هدف از پژوهش حاضر مطالعه آزمایشگاهی فرسایش پاشمانی در کلاس­های بافتی مختلف  تحت شدت­های بارش متفاوت با استفاده از دستگاه شبیه­ساز باران است. برای این منظور 83 نمونه خاک از سه کلاس بافتی سبک، متوسط و سنگین خاک­های منطقه شهرکرد استان چهارمحال و بختیاری استفاده شد. برخی ویژگی­های فیزیکوشیمایی خاک شامل اسیدیته ، شوری، بافت خاک، ماده­آلی، کربنات کلسیم در نمونه­ها اندازه­گیری شد. شدت­های 65، 95 و 120 میلی­متر در ساعات با دستگاه باران­ساز موجود در پژوهشکده­ی حفاظت خاک و آبخیزداری بر کلاس­های بافتی خاک اعمال شد. قطر قطرات باران با روش گلوله­ی آردی و فرسایش پاشمانی با استفاده کاسه‏های پاشمان طراحی مورگان (1978) اندازه­گیری شد. نتایج نشان داد که بین نرخ پاشمان در کلاس­های بافتی در شدت­های 65 و 120 میلی­متر در ساعت تفاوت معنی­داری وجود داشت درحالیکه در شدت 95 میلی­متر بر ساعت تفاوت معنی­داری بین نرخ پاشمان در کلاس­های بافتی دیده نشد. درصد رس خاک با ضریب همبستگی 388/0- بیشترین ارتباط را با نرخ پاشمان در شدت­های مختلف داشت. ماده­آلی با شدت­های 65 و 95 میلی­متر همبستگی معنی­دار بترتیب 375/0- و 255/0- داشت درحالیکه با شدت 120 میلی­متر در ساعت همبستگی نشان نداد که می­تواند بدلیل انرژی جنبشی زیاد و قطرات سنگین باران در شدت 120 میلی­متر در ساعت باشد.}, keywords_fa = {شهرکرد,پاشمان,کاسه پاشمان,انرژی جنبشی باران,فرسایش}, url = {https://www.geomorphologyjournal.ir/article_78100.html}, eprint = {https://www.geomorphologyjournal.ir/article_78100_85aab723e80a353a6282c30b581855c9.pdf} } @article { author = {ahrari, mohiodin}, title = {Investigation of formation and extension of sand dunes in order to assessment of their effects on the Geomorphology of coastal environment of the Oman Sea}, journal = {Quantitative Geomorphological Research}, volume = {6}, number = {3}, pages = {163-175}, year = {2018}, publisher = {Iranian Association of Geomorphology}, issn = {22519424}, eissn = {}, doi = {}, abstract = {The beach is interactions of the atmosphere, hydrosphere and lithosphere. The study area consists of highlands and hills in various forms, and includes a vast plain, called Plain Washanam, which has emerged from the erosion of the marl unit of the region. In some parts of Iran Quaternary rock type basaltic flows, marine terraces, deposits and deposits desert wind. This area is a morphodynamic region. The southern region of Sistan and Baluchestan is erosion due to the rotation of resistant and Non-resistant beds that 120-day winds the particles of erosion are easily displaced and then deposited. Considering the development of the Makran coast and the increase of construction in the region, the importance of this realization becomes more pronounced in order to reduce coastal hazards in the southern province of Sistan and Baluchestan. The main objective of this research is to study sedimentological dunes in the coasts and its impact in changing of morphological of the Oman Sea.Matherials & MethodsThe study area is located of the coastline of the north of the Oman Sea is 143 km, the borderline between the eastern of Chabahar and the Konarak in the coastal strip of the north of the Oman Sea from the station of the radio transmitter to Pasabandar. Methods of work in this research included photographing, sampling of sediment samples and measuring the morphometric components of sand dunes such as peak length, windward and backward winds. Regarding the area of sand dunes, the samples were completely randomized. So that from three point of sampling were taken. These points include of the wind direction, back wind direction and the top of sand dunes. After one sample of 500 gr was taken and transferred to the laboratory using sieve and Shaker at intervals of 0.5Ø. In the laboratory studies, samples were analyzed of grains size. Then grains sizing, drying was carried out for 15 minutes based on standard grains sizing (ASTM). In this method, the segregation of sand components from 63, 125, 250, 500, 1000, and 2000 microns was used for the 1Ø range. For this purpose, Folk method was used to determine the graining properties of sand samples. Excel 2013 software was used to plot the desired graphs such as cumulative curves and histograms. Finally, the data and information were combined and conclusions were made.Discussion of ResultsIn the studied area, sand dunes, which are indicative of wind sediment, are expanded in both stabilized and unstable. The stabilized sand hills include older wind dunes, with vegetation and poor cementitiousness making the sediment particles stable. Unsaturated sand dunes contain loose and detached sediments, and ripple marks are wave brands that are low in height. The sand has a brighter color than the sand of top dunes that are easily displaced during extreme winds and storms. Sand Dunes spread in various forms along the coastal strip of the studied area, especially in the south of the villages of Konarak, Ramin, Pozm and Chabahar. Deposits mainly in the fine sand that the winds locally and also marl loosen materials and transport them to the coastal areas with the highest percentage by weight of the particles fossil of fine sand and according to folk classification, sedimentary types such as Sandy and silty sand. The results obtained from the morphoscopy confirm that the sediments of the sand dunes of the coastal environment are well-rounded.ConclusionsThe study of the characteristics of deposits on study area that extend with sandy sedimentary type and show a comparison of their regional features on the shores of Makran from the east to west, the size of sedimentary particles in sand dunes is reduced. The average diameter of sandstone grains is between 2 to 3 Phi with well sorted and the sedimentary type is of fine sand (0.5 Phi). The mechanism of the occurrence of these sand dunes is that formations are affected by the weathering and erosion processes of the water and wind and sediments are transported to regions of Coasts and deposited. These particles accumulate around these hindering’s and gradually increase their amount. Finally, deposition of these grains leads to the formation of sand dunes. The movement of sand dunes changes the geomorphology of the landscapes. Another important result of sedimentary features, morphoscopy, and microscopic observations of sand dunes on the southern coast of Sistan and Baluchestan province indicate that in the Makran coastal environment is that the grains size of sedimentary in the sand dunes is reduced from east to west. }, keywords = {sand dunes,geomorphology,sediments,Chabahar,Oman Sea}, title_fa = {بررسی نحوه تشکیل و گسترش تپه های ماسه ای و تاثیر آن بر مورفولوژی محیط ساحلی دریای عمان}, abstract_fa = {منطقه جنوب سیستان و بلوچستان بدلیل وجود تناوب لایه های مقاوم و نامقاوم، فرسایش پذیر هستند. وزش بادهای۱۲۰ روزه ذرات ناشی از فرسایش را جابجا که با کاهش انرژی، این ذرات رسوب می شوند. هدف اصلی در این تحقیق مطالعه رسوب شناسی تپه های ماسه ای در نوار ساحلی و تاثیر آنها در تغییر چهره مورفولوژیکی محیط حاشیه دریای عمان است. در این تحقیق روش کار به اینگونه بوده است که ابتدا تعداد 15 نمونه رسوبی از  سه نقطه پشت به باد، رو به باد و از راس تپه های ماسه ای مناطق ساحلی نمونه برداری شد. نتایج حاصل از آنالیز دانه سنجی نشان داد میانگین قطر ذرات بین 2 تا 3 فی و رده رسوبی از نوع ماسه ای و ماسه سیلتی با کج شدگی منفی و جورشدگی خوب (0.5 فی) است (یک محیط پر انرژی). تشکیل این تپه های ماسه ای اینگونه است که با توجه به اینکه تاثیر تکتونیک و فرایندهای هوازدگی و فرسایش سازندها تخریب و در سواحل انباشته می شوند. این ذرات توسط نیروی باد جابجا و با کاهش انرژی باد، رسوب نموده و تشکیل تپه های ماسه ای را می دهند. حرکت تپه های ماسه ای در نوار ساحلی دریای عمان، چهره ژئومورفولوژی محیط را تغییر می دهند.}, keywords_fa = {تپه های ماسه ای,ژئومورفولوژی,رسوبات,چابهار,دریای عمان}, url = {https://www.geomorphologyjournal.ir/article_78101.html}, eprint = {https://www.geomorphologyjournal.ir/article_78101_53b02eeb528c0f4d5b45e385289e5353.pdf} }