@article { author = {Ahmadabadi, Ali and Karam, Amir and Saffari, Amir and yazdan panah, mehdi}, title = {Estimate of Flatness movement and Elevation movement of aeolians in Ardestan erg by Radar Interferometry and Spectral Indicators}, journal = {Quantitative Geomorphological Research}, volume = {8}, number = {4}, pages = {1-17}, year = {2020}, publisher = {Iranian Association of Geomorphology}, issn = {22519424}, eissn = {}, doi = {10.22034/gmpj.2020.106407}, abstract = {IntroductionThe displacement and instability of sand dunes are the most important environmental and socio-economic issues of the central regions of Iran. The field scale studies consist of varieties of landforms, such as; mapping and classification, pattern analysis, spatial analysis, topographic changes and morphology studies of landforms and the estimation of mineralogical and sedimentary characteristics. These studies include Al-Masrahy and Mountney (2013), Bazzichetto et al (2016), Al-Mutiry et al (2016) and Metelka et al. (2018). Particularly, in Iran Dafar (1392), Weso et al. (1393), Aharari Roody (1396) have some investigations in this field. Reviewing of above studies indicates the vertical displacement of landforms has been neglected, although the information of vertical displacement of landforms may not have same importance as horizontal displacements, however, accessing to vertical displacement for 3D modeling and accurate estimation of displaced sediment volumes can be determinative and it is absolutely vital. The present literature is based on the use of radar Interferometry techniques for estimating vertical displacement and spectral indices derived from satellite bundle combinations in order to estimate the horizontal displacement of sand dunes and wind landforms. MethodologyThis study used Sentinel 1 satellite radar imageries and Sentinel 2 multispectral images have taken in the spring of 2018, which covered the rugged area of Ardestan. In addition to visual data and in order to validate the results of the GPS receiver, a wide range of studies was taken at the time interval between the images have being taken at 110 points in which included the coordinate information and the class of land use study. The plane displacement rugged area of Ardestan is located in the central area of Ardestan province in north of Isfahan state, with an area of over 2000 square kilometers, which encompasses longitudinal to east and latitudinal to north.Generaly, the implementation of the research was carried out in two stages of modeling and estimation of the vertical displacement and plane displacement of sand dunes.Vertical displacement: for this purpose, both Interferometric wide of Sentinel 1 image have been used. Through interferometric processing, you can eliminate the sources of error and just continue with the so-called desired sources, like; height or displacement. In the construction phase of the interferometer, you can also estimate correlation.Horizontal displacement: for estimating horizontal displacement just used two Sentinel 2 images. Spectral indices were used to estimate the range and extent of sand dunes. In this study, three spectral indices were used, such as; Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Normalized Difference sand Index (NDSI) and Bare soil index.DiscussionThe range of altitudinal displacement values in comparison with plane displacement indicates lower values, the factor of the displacement of wind landforms; whether vertical or plane is wind force and Vertical displacement evolves by the sequence of plane motion, which results to aggregating or slipping of the sand particles, Therefore, the domain of its values at any specific time interval is less than the range of displacement values of the planes.To assess the accuracy of reviewing vertical and horizontal displacement values of sand dunes, they used three parameters, such as; average square error (RMSE), average mean error (MAE) and coefficient of detection or determination ( )(Powell et al., 2007) (Table 2). Although the accuracy obtained in digital elevation model and both vertical and horizontal displacements seem to be acceptable, however, precision parameters in DEM and vertical displacement show higher accuracy.precision parameters MAE RMSE outcome0.73 2.06 2.42 Digital elevation model0.86 0.037 0.052 Altitudinal displacement0.67 3.74 4.68 Horizontal displacementTable 2: Accuracy of elevation and plane displacement maps is based on precision parametersThe general direction of the movement of sand dunes is from the northeast to the southwest which is in compliance with the recorded position of prevailing winds of Ardestan Meteorological Station (weather station). The displacement of sand dunes can be attributed to their initial volume and height. In general, you can mention that the height and volume of the hill become higher; there is a greater desire for changing in its original location, this change can result in displacement of any flat or vertical dimensions. To evaluate this assumption, points are taken out in each of the three outputs of the digital elevation, vertical displacement, and horizontal displacement and their corresponding values are compared in pair, in both cases, altitudinal values on the X axis are considered as independent variables in relation to the vertical displacement, on the other side, the displacement of the planes on the Y axis as a dependent variable. From linear fit between the two independent and dependent variables in both cases and also forming of the regression equation between the two variables, it can be concluded that the higher altitudinal values in sand dunes area increase unrest and desire to change, also coefficient of determination in case of changing altitude function has increased. This difference indicates that there is a more meaningful relationship between the two variables, In other words, by accelerating the height of the wind landforms, Vertical displacement of landforms is more likely happened, and its values are higher than those dunes with lower altitude.ConclusionThese findings of this study are: The direction of the overall movement of Ardestan sand dunes from northeast to southwest in April and May, The size and extent of displacement of sand dunes depends on dimensions of the planes and the altitudes of dunes, basically the instability of elevated and more massive landforms is the effect of their stimulus against movement of prevailing wind.This study has used Radar Interferometry for vertical displacement modeling, emphasized on the importance and potential of radar images in monitoring wind landforms which have mobile and fluid nature that are threatening factors life of the inhabitants of central zone and desert margin in Iran. The process and results of this study could be used in future studies and local geomorphological planners have exposed to wind landforms that have executive value.}, keywords = {sand dunes,Radar interferometry,vertical displacement,Plane displacement,rugged Ardestan province}, title_fa = {برآورد جابجایی مسطحاتی و ارتفاعی تپه های ماسه ای ریگ اردستان با استفاده از تداخل سنجی راداری و شاخص های طیفی}, abstract_fa = {جابجایی و ناپایداری تپه‌های ماسه‌ای از مهمترین دغدغه‌های نواحی مرکزی ایران است و این چالش از اولویت‌های برنامه‌ریزان آمایش ژئومورفولوژیکی جهت تعیین اولویت‌ها و راهکارهایی به منظور کاهش اثرات مخرب آن‌ها در نظر گرفته می شود. در این مطالعه از تداخل سنجی راداری بر روی تصاویر Sentinel 1 و نسبت گیری بر روی تصاویر چندباندی Sentinel 2 به ترتیب برای برآورد مدل رقومی ارتفاعی، جابجایی عمودی و جابجایی مسطحاتی تپه‌های ماسه‌ای ریگ اردستان در شمال استان اصفهان استفاده شد. دقت سنجی نتایج با استفاده از نقاط میدانی برای RMSE، MAE و R2 در جابجایی عمودی به ترتیب 0.052، 0.037 و 0.86 بود، در حالی که برای مدل رقومی ارتفاعی و جابجایی مسطحاتی به ترتیب 2.42، 2.06، 0.73 و 4068، 3.73، 0.67 را نشان می‌داد. نتایج مطالعه نشان داد که سمت حرکت کلی تپه‌های ماسه ای در بازه زمانی مطالعه شده از شمال شرقی به جنوب غربی می‌باشد، از طرفی اندازه جابجایی تپه‌های ماسه ای در ابعاد مسطحاتی و ارتفاعی به حجم آن‌ها بستگی دارد، این مطالعه با به کارگیری تداخل سنجی راداری برای مدلسازی جابجایی عمودی، بر اهمیت و قابلیت بالقوه تصاویر راداری در پایش لندفرم‌های بادی که از عوامل تهدید آمیز حیات ساکنین نواحی مرکزی ایران می‌باشند، تأکید داشت.}, keywords_fa = {تپه‌های ماسه‌ای,تداخل سنجی راداری,جابجایی عمودی,جابجایی مسطحاتی,ریگ اردستان}, url = {https://www.geomorphologyjournal.ir/article_106407.html}, eprint = {https://www.geomorphologyjournal.ir/article_106407_109f90bdef64db7bae412e8b04f31c9a.pdf} } @article { author = {parvin, mansor}, title = {Investigating the relationship between basin morphometric conditions and groundwater resources: Case study of Kamyaran Basin}, journal = {Quantitative Geomorphological Research}, volume = {8}, number = {4}, pages = {18-33}, year = {2020}, publisher = {Iranian Association of Geomorphology}, issn = {22519424}, eissn = {}, doi = {10.22034/gmpj.2020.106408}, abstract = {IntroductionThe morphometric characteristics show the morphology of the basins and reflect the geological conditions and geomorphological processes over time (Hurters et al., 1999).Different morphometric characteristics depend on various aspects such as geology, geomorphology, vegetation, climate, etc. (Rapot et al., 2015).The morphometric characteristics of the basin are important in hydrological research such as groundwater potential assessment, groundwater management, basin management, and environmental assessment (Raymond et al., 2017).In recent decades, due to the advancement of computer technology, morphometric studies of the basin are very convenient for the past.The use of GIS and the use of DEM is a precise, quick and inexpensive method for analyzing hydrologic systems (Schmidt and Sandwall, 2004).The Kamyaran basin has a different lithological diversity and different tectonic conditions in different areas of the basin.The geomorphologic conditions of the basin in the southern heights are mainly karstic and in the northern regions of irregular slopes with low permeability.Therefore, the purpose of this research is to identify morphometric effects on groundwater resources of Kamyaran basin.- materials and methodsIn this study, first, using a 10 meter DEM of the basin and utilizing the Arc Hydro tool, the limits of Kamyaran basin and drainage network of the basin were plotted.The Australian method was used to rank the watercourses and use topographic maps of 1: 25000 of the area for the accuracy of the watershed network.Seven parameters of linear morphometry, seven morphometric parameters and three morphometric parameters for rippling were calculated for Kamyaran basin.Based on the results obtained from morphometric parameters and geological and geomorphological conditions analysis and their adaptation to the distribution pattern of spring springs and their average annual discharge rate, the effects of morphometric characteristics on groundwater resources are determined.DEM 10 meters, topographic maps 1: 25000, geological map of 1: 100000, and Dubai springs sources are the data used in this study.-FindingsThe drainage pattern of the Kamyaran basin is dendritic or tree type, and the drainage of the basin is rated 7.The total number of streams in the Kamyaran Basin is 29,776 and the first ones constitute 78% of the total catchment of the basin, indicating a low permeability of the basin.The split ratio of Kamyaran basin is 4.5 and indicates the lithological diversity of the basin.The total length of Kamyaran basins is 2446 km. Routes 1 make up about 61% of the total length of the basin drainage.Abrasives ranked 1 make up about 61% of the total length of the basin drainage. This is due to low-lying reservoir permeability.Also, the difference in mean length of the waterways was due to topographic conditions and slope of the watershed, since the values of the ratio of the length of different river runs to different ranks of the order did not show, The Kamyaran Basin is erosion in the younger stages of the erosion cycle.The drainage rate of the Kamyaran basin is 2.61 Km / Km2, which indicates the low permeability of the basin.Drainage density in the karstic areas in the south of the basin is 1.15, indicating a very suitable permeability of this area.The drainage flood in the Kamyaran basin 3.18, which confirms the high drainage density and low permeability in the basin.The rate of this parameter in the southwestern Karst regions of the basin is 1.02, which indicates high permeability and low drainage density.The drainage tissues of the Kamyaran Basin in the southwestern Karst regions of the basin are very coarse tissue and in other areas of very small type.The penetration number in the Kamyaran basin is 8.29 and 11.44, which indicates low penetration and high runoff coefficient.In the south karst area, the basin has a penetration number of 1.73, indicating high permeability and low runoff coefficient.The shape coefficients of the basin represent a relatively circular shape of the basin and high runoff coefficient.The roughness parameters also indicate significant difference in the height in the basin and as a result of rugged topography and relatively leaky and therefore low permeability.Groundwater potential of Kamyar basin is affected by morphometric conditions in the basin.The northern and central areas of the low power basin and the southern basins of the southwest basin have a high potential for underground water resources.- ConclusionThe most characteristic feature of the Kamyaran basin is the lithological diversity followed by different geomorphological conditions in different areas of the basin.The lithological diversity and variation of Kamyaran basin affect the values of linear morphometric parameters of the basin.In the impervious areas of the basin, the runoff coefficient is high and the penetration rate is lower and the conditions in the karstic areas are reversed.These differences are due to lithology conditions and heterogeneous geomorphology of the basin.Analysis of the values obtained from the three-dimensional morphometric, linear, shape and roughness parameters of the Kamyaran basin indicates that the lithologic conditions are very influential on morphometric parameters.The studied basin is also affected by lithological conditions in groundwater resources in the northern and central parts of the basin with low potential for underground water resources.The formation of karst geomorphology in the southern heights of the basin, by influencing the morphometric parameters and increasing the penetration rate, has created a high potential for groundwater resources and formed 5 karst springs in the south of the basin.}, keywords = {morphometry,Groundwater resources,Lithology,Kamyaran Basin}, title_fa = {بررسی ارتباط بین شرایط مورفومتریک حوضه و منابع آب زیرزمینی : مطالعه‌ای موردی حوضه‌ای کامیاران}, abstract_fa = {تحلیل‌های مورفومتریک به عنوان یک روش کم هزینه، سریع و قابل اعتماد، امروزه در جنبه‌های مختلف مطالعاتی حوضه‌ها همچون بررسی سیل خیزی، فرسایش، تغییرات کاربری اراضی، مطالعات منابع آب، مدیریت محیط و اجرای پروژه‌های آبی مورد استفاده قرار می‌گیرند. حوضه‌ای کامیاران از تنوع لیتولوژیکی زیادی، ناشی از قرارگیری در زون‌های زمین شناسی زاگرس مرتفع و سنندج - سیرجان برخوردار بوده و این امر باعث ایجاد شرایط مورفومتری خاص در نواحی مختلف این حوضه گردیده است. تفاوت در شرایط مورفومتری مناطق مختلف حوضه تأثیراتی بر منابع آب زیرزمینی حوضه‌ای کامیاران داشته و هدف این پژوهش شناخت این تأثیرات می‌باشد. شبکه‌ی زهکشی حوضه کامیاران از DEM ده متر منطقه استخراج شده و از هفت پارامتر مورفومتری خطی، هفت پارامتر مورفومتری سطحی و سه پارامتر مورفومتری ناهمواری، برای ارزیابی مورفومتری این حوضه استفاده شده است. در ادامه نتایج پارامترهای مورفومتری سه گانه، در نواحی مختلف حوضه با پراکنش چشمه‌ها و میزان آبدهی آنها تطبیق داده می‌شود. نتایج نشان می‌دهد، که حوضه‌ای کامیاران در مراحل آخر جوانی سیکل فرسایش قرار داشته و مقادیر پارامترهای مورفومتریک خطی، سطحی و ناهمواری بیانگر تأثیر شرایط لیتولوژیکی بر پارامترهای مورفومتریک است. نواحی شمالی و مرکزی حوضه دارای پتانسیل کم و مناطق کارستی جنوب حوضه دارای پتانسیل بالای آب زیرزمینی می‌باشند. در واقع پتانسیل منابع آب زیرزمینی در حوضه‌ی کامیاران از شرایط مورفومتریک حوضه تأثیر پذیرفته و پارامترهای مورفومتریک نیز تحت تأثیر شرایط زمین شناسی و ژئومورفولوژیکی حوضه هستند.}, keywords_fa = {مورفومتری,منابع آب زیرزمینی,لیتولوژی,حوضه کامیاران}, url = {https://www.geomorphologyjournal.ir/article_106408.html}, eprint = {https://www.geomorphologyjournal.ir/article_106408_1fbd48b6e89e85d33bfe50373617f9cd.pdf} } @article { author = {Shayan, Siavash and Yamani, Mojtaba and abdolahi kakroodi, Ataolah and Amounia, Hamid}, title = {Estimation of coastline variation in the Caspian Delta basin using Digital Shoreline Analysis System (Deltas: haraz, babolrood, talar)}, journal = {Quantitative Geomorphological Research}, volume = {8}, number = {4}, pages = {34-46}, year = {2020}, publisher = {Iranian Association of Geomorphology}, issn = {22519424}, eissn = {}, doi = {10.22034/gmpj.2020.106410}, abstract = {Extended AbstractIntroductionThe position of the coastline depends on interactions between waves, tides, rivers, storms, geological structures and physical processes .Recognizing the spatial variations of the coastline, one can understand the dynamics of coastal zones and morphodynamic processes It is absolutely necessary to manage shore line changes.The Caspian Sea has created a unique environment with special characteristics due to frequent fluctuations and periodic changes, such as in closed lake environments. Due to this change in the level of the water base, we see large changes in the coastline in the coastal areas of the Caspian Sea. The sea shows a decrease of about 3 meters in the 48-year period (1929-1977) and has experienced an increase of about 3 meters in a period of 18 years (1995-1997). Given the awareness of the changes in the Caspian Sea, we need a method that clearly shows these changes in time and place. The purpose of this research is to investigate the 60-year variation of coastal lines using remote sensing data in the Caspian region.MethodologyThe research method was descriptive-analytic based on remote sensing data and aerial photographs using the GIS. The aerial photographs of 1956 and Landsat satellite images were used in 1994, 1976, and 2017. These images and images were originally prepared in Envi5.3. ArcGIS 10.5 ArcGIS 10.5 transcoded transects and their statistical calculations. The statistical methods used in this study to determine the coastline variation in the DSAS plug-in are End-End Rate Method (EPR) and Linear Regression Rate (LRR).Results and discussionIn this paper, maps and diagrams required for analysis have been extracted based on the drawing of coastlines and calculations in the DSAS plug-in. From this, one can assess and analyze how the 60-year change process was taking place in the study area.In the study area, by plotting the base line and transects 50 meters apart, the maximum, the lowest and the average changes during the time period are calculated. The map of variations in two methods shows the amount of variation along the coastline. In this study, the coastline coastal speed and coastline rate for the Haraz delta range is -0.15 m and for Babolrood range is +0.05 m and Talar range is +/16 + m.In these maps, the variation in estrus varies from one side to another. In the Bablrood Delta, the seaward section has advanced to the sea, and in the Haraz and Talar deltas, this is reversed. In the EPR method, as we can see, erosion occurred in the Haraz delta around the estuary of the river, and as much as the river estuary refers to both sides of the east and west, we see a replacement of sediment instead of erosion. In the Bablrood Delta, there is almost a picture of the Haraz Delta, but Talar River delta conditions are slightly similar to those of the Haraz, with variations in the Haraz Delta quite typical. In the LRR output map, the results are similar to those of the EPR method, with the exception that the erosion intensity in the Talar River is less than that of Talar. Because the LRR method uses all coastlines drawn for computation, the result of this map can be more accurate.ConclusionIn this research, using transects method, the statistical characteristics of coastline changes during the 60-year period have been studied. According to the results of the maps, the general trend of erosion in the studied area is toward coastal erosion. Depending on the basis of the LRR method, the largest changes in the delta of the Babolrood River are observed at 5.9 m, while the adjacent delta of this quantity does not reach 2m. This difference indicates a remarkable sea in the Babolrood Delta, which can be considered a human factor especially in recent years, among the most important reasons. But comparing the results between the maximum and minimum changes, as shown in Table 3, shows a high degree of variation in these three delta. The result of the use of DSAS outbound maps is an important consideration and that in spatial analysis, the use of such single-dimensional Negri instrument will be transformed into a multi-dimensional view, and in this study we observed that during a coastline interval, 60-year-old change can be quite a photo.}, keywords = {Caspian Sea,Coastal line Changes,Delta Basin,DSAS}, title_fa = {برآورد تغییرات خط ساحلی در محدوده قاعده دلتایی خزر با استفاده از سامانه تحلیل رقومی خط ساحلی (دلتاهای: هراز، بابلرود و تالار )}, abstract_fa = {پیشروی و پسروی خط ساحلی همواره از مهمترین چالش ها، برای مناطق ساحلی محسوب می شود. با شناخت از تغییرات مکانی خط ساحلی می توان به درک مناسبی از پویایی مناطق ساحلی و فرایندهای مورفودینامیک در آن دست یافت که برای مدیریت تغییرات این مکان کاملا ضروری به نظر می آید. دامنه نوسان سطح آب دریای خزر بسیار بالا است؛ به طوری که در فاصله زمانی 48 ساله (1929-1977) حدود 3 متر کاهش تراز را نشان می دهد و در یک دوره 18 ساله(1977-1995) حدود 3 متر افزایش تراز را تجربه کرده است. در این پژوهش با استفاده از داده های تاریخی موجود نظیر عکس های هوایی و تصاویر ماهواره ای و روش های تفسیر بصری و شاخص NDVI خطوط ساحلی در نرم افزار ENVI5.3  استخراج گردید. بعد از ترسیم خطوط ساحلی بازه های مورد مطالعه با استفاده از سامانه تحلیل رقومی خط ساحلی که دارای افزونه ای با عنوان DSAS  در نرم افزار ArcGIS10.5 است؛ تحلیل های کمی در ارتباط با میزان تغییرات خط ساحلی انجام شده است و نهایتا بین این سه خط ساحلی ترسیم شده، مقایسه ای کمی نسبت به میزان تغییرات با استفاده از دو روش نرخ نقطه پایان(EPR) و روش نرخ رگرسیون خطی (LRR) صورت گرفته است. محاسبات نرخ به روش LRR به دلیل مشارکت دادن تمامی خطوط در محاسبات مناسب تر تشخیص داده شده اند. نرخ پیشروی و پسروی خط ساحلی برای بازه دلتای هراز برابر 17/0- متر و برای محدوده بابلرود برابر 05/0+ متر و برای محدوده تالار برابر 16/0+ متر بر آورد شده است. استفاده از افزونه DSAS قابلیت های تحلیل فضایی را نسبت به تحلیل های آماری صرف نشان داده است چراکه در جداول آماری تنها با خلاصه سازی، نهایتا به اعداد محدود میرسیم اما با استفاده از افزونه DSAS تفاوت ها در طول خط ساحلی و با جزئیات بیشتر قابل مشاهده است. مقایسه میان سه بازه نشان از تغییرات اندک اما متغیر در طول بازه دارد و به طور کلی آب دریا در طی 60سال در مصب های هراز و تالار پیشروی کرده و در مصب بابلرود پسروی داشته است.}, keywords_fa = {دریای خزر,تغییرات خط ساحلی,قاعده دلتایی,DSAS}, url = {https://www.geomorphologyjournal.ir/article_106410.html}, eprint = {https://www.geomorphologyjournal.ir/article_106410_3813b81e3b40d0df3b09292bed88cc3b.pdf} } @article { author = {Kashefi, Mehdi and Entezari, Mojgan and Jafari aghdam, Maryam}, title = {Vulnerable evaluation of surface karst aquifers in the Sheshpier and Bergan using fuzzy method}, journal = {Quantitative Geomorphological Research}, volume = {8}, number = {4}, pages = {47-62}, year = {2020}, publisher = {Iranian Association of Geomorphology}, issn = {22519424}, eissn = {}, doi = {10.22034/gmpj.2020.106411}, abstract = {IntroductionGiven the escalating demanded for high water quality, this paper is to identify the locations of karst aquifers. The karst aquifers are known as one of the cleanest source for drinking water (Munch and Conway, 2007; Krause et al., 2007; Gondwe et al., 2011). So, conservation of drinking water resources in sim-arid parts of Iran is an open issue and needs to be studied. The karst aquifers pollution hinders the development of urban, industrial, and agricultural regions and imposes a lot of costs to these areas and, at the same time, the flaws can spread the pollution. These main issues indicate the high importance of studying and managing the karst pollution problems. surface karst development maps can play an important role in protecting the karst groundwater. These maps can also contribute to the implementation of groundwater resources management strategies to prevent climate change (Mimi et al., 2009). due to karst water resources vulnerability and high sensitivity them, protection of karst water resources is one of the most important steps in the management of them (Afrasiabian, 2007). It is worth mentioning that hydrological characteristics make karst aquifers different from other water resources (White, 1988; European, 1995; Bakalowicz, 1995; Ford and Williams, 2007; Ford and Williams, 2007; Ford and Andreo, 2011).Methodology The purpose of this study is to evaluate the level of the sources of karst aquifers in the Sheshpier and Bergan regions using fuzzy model. In this model have been used the distance from fault, height, slope, precipitation, temperature, lithology, land use, soil, slope and climatic conditions as input data (Moameni, 2010).Lotfi Zadeh presented fuzzy set theory in 1965. Zadeh, in his theory of fuzzy sets, proposed using a membership function (with a range covering the interval (0,1) operating on the domain of all possible values. For any set X a membership function on X is any function from X to the real unit interval [0,1]. For preparing the fuzzy map for each parameters should definite membership function. A membership function assigns to each object a grade ranging between 0 and 1. The value 0 means that x is not a member of the fuzzy set, while the value 1 means that x is a full member of the fuzzy set. A fuzzy set is an extension of a classical set. If X is the universe of discourse and its elements are denoted by x, then a fuzzy set A in X is defined as a set of ordered pairs:(1)The function assigns a value to any member of the set A, and gives zero value to any member out of the set A.For factor maps integration, some fuzzy operators such as OR, AND, product, SUM. Gamma can be used. A script can be written in GIS to employ this method. In this study was used Gamma operator to prepare karst karst aquifer map. Gamma operator can be expressed mathematically as (Carter, 1996):(2)In this equation, is the resulting layer of the fuzzy gamma and γ, the parameter specified in the 0 and 1 range. When γ = 1, the compound is the fuzzy algebraic sum and when γ is equal to zero, the composition is the fuzzy algebraic multiplication (Carter, 1996). Results and discussion The karst development map was prepared using natural fracture method that consist of four classes: without development, less developmnt, medium development and high development. The overlaping of the layers and the final map of the karst surface development showed that 75 % of region was located in the high development and 22 % was in medium development. ConclusionAccording to results, the regions with maximum slope, aspect of the north, and with flaws are known as the most vulnerable region in karst regions. More than 80% of the aquifer is located in the karst range with moderate vulnerability. There are also limited portions of the Shepshir aquifer in the class. Moderate karst vulnerability is about 22 percent in the Firouz anticline and Bergan area. This range corresponds to an altitude of 2500 to 300 meters and receives rainfall of about 1200 mm that about 20 percent of the Bergan aquifer and 80 percent of the Shepshir aquifer are surrounded by highly karst surface vulnerable zones, which correspond to the highest altitude of the area at about 3000 to 3700 meters and receive precipitation of about 1700 mm. It is also showed that the region is located in the limestone formation of Soruk and Bangestan group, which with the thickness of about 800 m, have the importance role in development of the surface karst of Gar and Barmfiruz.}, keywords = {Karstic aquifer,vulnerability,Sheshpier,Bergan,Fuzzy method}, title_fa = {ارزیابی آسیب پذیری کارست سطحی آبخوان های کارستی ششپیر و برغان با استفاده از منطق فازی}, abstract_fa = {حفاظت از منابع آب کارستی قابل شرب در مناطق نیمه خشک ایران به عنوان یک هدف استراتژیک می‌باشد. آلودگی آبخوان‌های کارستی می‌تواند صدمات جبران‌ناپذیری در توسعه مناطق شهری، صنعتی و کشاورزی آن ناحیه داشته باشد و هزینه‌های زیادی را به این مناطق تحمیل کند. کارست توسعه یافته و وجود درزه و شکاف‌های فراوان می‌تواند باعث سهولت در انتشار آلودگی در این آبخوان‌ها بشود. لذا شناخت مناطق در معرض آلودگی و مدیریت این آبخوان‌ها بسیار حیاتی است. هدف از این پژوهش ارزیابی آسیب پذیری سطحی آبخوان‌های کارستی ششپیر و برغان با تاکید بر فروچاله‌ها با استفاده از مدل فازی می‌باشد. در این مدل از پارامترهای فاصله از گسل، ارتفاع، شیب، بارش، دما و پارامترهای کیفی (لیتولوژی، کاربری اراضی، خاک، جهت شیب و طبقات اقلیمی) به عنوان به عنوان پارامترهای موثر استفاده شده است. در ابتدا تقشه آسیب پذیری سطحی کارست با استفاده از روش شکستگی طبیعی تهیه گردید و چهار کلاس آسیب پذیری زیاد، کم، متوسط و فاقد آسیب پذیری تشخیص داده شد. همپوشانی لایه فروچاله‌ها و نقشه پهنه‌بندی آسیب پذیری سطحی کارست نشان می‌دهد که 75 درصد فروچاله‌ها در طبقه کارستی با آسیب پذیری زیاد و 22 درصد فروچاله‌ها در طبقه کارستی با آسیب پذیری متوسط قرار دارد. قرار گرفتن حدود 97 درصد فروچاله‌ها در این دو طبقه کارایی مطلوب مدل فازی در پهنه‌بندی آسیب پذیری سطحی کارست در این دو آبخوان را نشان می‌دهد.}, keywords_fa = {آبخوان کارستی,آسیب پذیری,ششپیر,برغان,منطق فازی}, url = {https://www.geomorphologyjournal.ir/article_106411.html}, eprint = {https://www.geomorphologyjournal.ir/article_106411_2d645589652eb0c59e1a947aae06be77.pdf} } @article { author = {Beranvand, Hojatallah and Saife, Abdollah}, title = {Identification, classification and morphometry of glacial cirque in Jupar altitude of Kerman}, journal = {Quantitative Geomorphological Research}, volume = {8}, number = {4}, pages = {63-80}, year = {2020}, publisher = {Iranian Association of Geomorphology}, issn = {22519424}, eissn = {}, doi = {10.22034/gmpj.2020.106412}, abstract = {IntroductionThe shape of the cirques is a reflection of topographical and geological factors, the type and duration of the effects of the glaciers. To accurately identify glacial cirques, the exact consideration of the size and shape of these forms, it seems necessary to use modeling and mathematical and morphometric relationships (morphometry) for geomorphologists. Morphometric studies of glacial cirque are a new technique for quantitative study of cirques in relation to various environmental factors. Morphometric and almetric surveys of glacier landforms help to better understand the characteristics of long-standing glaciers. The purpose of this study is to analyze the morphometric parameters of glacial cirques, their classification in terms of degree of evolution, the impact of various factors (geological, topographic and climatic factors) on their development in the mountain Jupar.Methodology To Identification the classification and morphometry of the glacier cirques of Jupar altitudes in Kerman province, glacier cirques of 7 submerged basins, based on a digital elevation model and its adaptation to a gradient map classified in the software environment of 91 freshness cirques in the study area Identified and drawn. Then, fitting the power models on the longitudinal profiles of the cirques, extracted the coefficients and statistical parameters of the cirques in the region. For morphometry of these circuses, parameters such as (L), (W), (H), (L / W), (L / H), (W / H) and cirque size was used. Is. For the classification and classification of cirques, the Wilburg and Rudberg, Evans and Cox methods have been used. In the Wilburg and Rudberg methods, cirques are classified into five categories: N-1, N-2, N-3, N-4, N-5 Was ranked. According to the Evans and Cox rankings, the cirques are divided into five groups, classical, good and developed, definite, weak, and boundary. For alometry and isometric measurements, the cirques of the mountain Jupar of fitted power models have been used.DiscussionBased on geomechanical techniques and new methods for determining the glacier cirques, 91 glacier cirques were detected in the Jupar Altitudes Identified and drawn. According to the Wilburg and Rudberg 8, the circus is equal to 8.79% of the total number of cirques in N2, 33 cirques are equivalent to 36.26% of the total number of cirques in N3 and 15 cirques, equivalent to 16.48% of the total cirques. N4. The minimum size of cirques in the category N2 and N3 is 706 and its maximum is 1527 meters. The mean longitudinal axis of the cirques is 645 m with a coefficient of variation of 19.42 m and the mean axis of the cirque is 5770.5 m with a coefficient of variation of 76.65 m. The average length to width ratio of N4 and N4 cirque peaks is 1,1713 feet, indicating the length of the cirques in this category. The coefficient of variation of the longitudinal axis of the cirque is 23.27 m and the coefficient of variation of the lateral axis of the cirque is 27.23 m. Unlike the N2 and N3 cirques, these cirques have little variation in the direction of the transverse axis. The average height of the circus is 343.9 m. The lowest level of cirques in the category N4 and N5 Mountains is 623.3 m and its maximum is 1578.7. The average range of cirques changes in the category of N2 and N3 is higher and their coefficient of variation is higher. Average ratio of cirques length to floor height is 1583/0 m. The average width to depth (floor height) is 136 m. The volume of ice in these cirques is not so great that it can deepen the depth of the cirques. As a result, the depth of the cirques in the N4 and N5 regions is low and the volume of snow and ice storage in these cirques is low.ConclusionThe mean longitudinal axis of the cirques of the N2 and N3 categories is 645 m with a coefficient of variation of 19.42 and the mean of the transverse axis of the circus is 5770.5 meters with a coefficient of variation of 76.65 meters. The average length to width of cirques is 1/141 m with a change coefficient of 84.8 m. The cirques of this category extend in a longitudinal direction. The average length to width ratio of N4 and N4 cirques peaks is 1,1713 feet, indicating the length of the cirques in this category. The coefficient of variation of the longitudinal axis of the cirques is 23.27 m and the coefficient of variation of the lateral axis of the cirque is 27.27 m. The height of the cirque of the N2 and N3 range varies from 2814 to 3888 meters. The average width to depth (floor height) is 170.0 m. The average length of cirque length is up to 192.0 m. The average floor height of the cirque of the N4 and N5 is 3334.3 m. Average ratio of cirques length to floor height is 1583/0 m. The average width to depth (floor height) is 136 m.In cirques N2 and N3, the longitudinal coefficient of the cirques is B 1. The result of an almetric study of various cirques in this area indicates that the cirques behavior of the region is not consistent with other glacial regions of the globe. The cirques in this area were not primarily glacier cirques or glacier erosion did not play much role in their formation.}, keywords = {morphometry,glacial cirques,Jupar altitude,alometry,isometry}, title_fa = {شناسایی، طبقه بندی و مورفومتری سیرک های یخچالی ارتفاعات جوپار کرمان}, abstract_fa = {چکیدهیخچال ها شاخص های تغییر اقلیم است و یخچال‌های سیرکی شاید بهترین مورد برای این منظور باشد. هدف اصلی این پژوهش؛ شناسایی، طبقه‌بندی و آنالیز پارامترهای مورفومتریک و آلومتریک سیرک‌های یخچالی ارتفاعات جوپار در استان کرمان بر اساس تکنیک‌های ژئوماتیک و روش‌های جدید است. در ارتفاعات بالای سه هزار متر این ارتفاعات، تعداد 91 سیرک یخچالی شناسایی و در روی نقشه شیب کلاس بندی شده به دو فرمت خطی و پلیگونی ترسیم گردید. با برازش مدل‌های توانی بر پروفیل طولی سیرک‌ها به استخراج ضرایب و پارامترهای آماری سیرک های منطقه اقدام گردید. عملیات رده بندی سیرک ها بر مبنای روش های ویلبورگ و رودبرگ، ایوانس و کوکس انجام پذیرفت. برای مورفومتری این سیرک ها از پارامترهایی چون (L)، (W)، (H)، (L/W)، (L/H)، (W/H) و اندازه سیرک استفاده شده و خصیصه های مورفومتریک آن ها بررسی شده است. بر اساس نتایج تحقیق در ارتفاعات جوپار 8 سیرک N2 ، 33 سیرک N3 و 50 شبه سیرک وجود دارد. در سیرک های رده N2 وN3 ضریب طولی سیرک ها 748/0 یعنی B1 است. نتیجه حاصل از بررسی آلومتریک سیرک های رده های مختلف در این محدوده و مقایسه آن با نتایج مطالعات مشابه نشان می دهد که سیرک های ارتفاعات زاگرس، زردکوه و گرین متکامل تر و توسعه یافته تر از سیرک های ارتفاعات جوپار می باشند.}, keywords_fa = {مورفومتری,سیرک های یخچالی,ارتفاعات جوپار,آلومتری,ایزومتری}, url = {https://www.geomorphologyjournal.ir/article_106412.html}, eprint = {https://www.geomorphologyjournal.ir/article_106412_d229af150a022935b4ef2dcaa93fd572.pdf} } @article { author = {Noormohammadi, Alimohammad and Hosseinzadeh, Seyed Reza and behniyafar, aboalfazl}, title = {Investigation of the importance and role of Desert Varnish as a Chronometry Indicator for the Study of Recent Quaternary Climate fluctuations (Case Study: Gonabad Erg)}, journal = {Quantitative Geomorphological Research}, volume = {8}, number = {4}, pages = {81-92}, year = {2020}, publisher = {Iranian Association of Geomorphology}, issn = {22519424}, eissn = {}, doi = {10.22034/gmpj.2020.106413}, abstract = {IntroductionDesert Varnish is a palaeogoemorphic factor in most arid regions. By studying its features, including micro-stratigraphy, morphology, thickness, and elements of it, we can find useful information about the long-term environmental conditions of the deserts. Gonabad Ergs is located south of Khorasan Razavi province and north of Gonabad city, between 34 ° 58 and 06 ° 59, east longitude, and between 34 ° 44 'and 34 ° 28' 34 'north latitude. The wind direction is dominated by the eastern region and The average temperature in the region is 17.5 degrees Celsius, and the average rainfall is 131.9 mm. The Erg,s is formed on a desert zone and clay peaks, and in some areas, Cretaceous formations include limestone, sandstone and shale, conglomerate and gypsum in low altitudes in the sandy region. Geomorphology of the sand consists of sandy hills in different forms. Most of the sandy hills of the area are of longitudinal hills, harbors and Seif.Methodologyin this research , desert Varnish were studied as a geomorphic index for the study of late Quaternary climate fluctuations in the region. . In the field studies, we tried to collected the varnish in the area carefully, and After performing the initial processes including cutting, sample preparation (wearing the varnish level with gold palladium, covering additional parts with aluminum sheets), was transmitted to the lab for analysis by an electron scanning microscope(SEM) and Energy-X-ray diffraction (EDAX) analysis. and the required analyzes included the study of morphology, micro stratigraphy, thickness, and elements in Varnish. Results and discussion From the results of the experiments and analyzes carried out on the varnish of the region and their chemical analysis, it can be deduced that the varnishes in the region result from the subsidence of dust particles in the period of the abundance of dust and aerosol particles in the region, along with the extension of the period of drought It has been a source of wind activity in the region, although physicochemical processes and bacterial activity have also been effective in evolving varnishes. . An examination of morphology of varnishes in the region indicates The morphology of the varnish is in the Lamellte-shaped region indicates the frequency of wind activity with poor vegetation in the region. In the study of the elements found in Varnish, it was determined that the elements contained in Varnish are: Si, Fe, K, Mg, Au, Al, Pd, as well as a small amount of Ca and Ti, and Mn. The low amount of manganese (Mn) in the varnish and high Fe content indicate an increase in the ratio of iron to manganese in Varnish, which is indicative of the climate of dryness in the region. Also, the small amount of Ti or Titanium in Varnish indicates that the period of drought in the region and the formation of varnish is not too old and can be related to several hundred years or the last thousand years. As the age increases varnish , due to the stability of the tantalum, it is added to it and reduced to other cations such as K, Mg and Ca. with the varnish microlamination (VML) technique, Which is done using an electroscranoscope microscope, It was found that the studied vanishes had no layering in all samples, and It is a layer. This layer of Varnish has a lot of clay, aluminum, iron and other cations. That can be said, It is black varnish, And indicates the conditions for dry conditions in the area. This drought condition is most likely to occur after the last rainy season in the area and continues until now. Investigating the cationic ratio of varnishes in the region shows that This ratio between 9.8 to 11.63 using the K + Ca: Ti relationship . This ratio indicates that the beginning of the formation and sedimentation of Varnish in the region, that is, the beginning of the dry period in the region, has not been so old and is likely to be related to the beginning of the Holocene or 10,500 years ago. . According to the same study done by Dorn (1983) in the East of America, he obtained roughly the same proportions as the present study, in the work of Dorn, the cationic ratio between 9/17 and 15/55 is obtained, and the probable age for this interval is 100 It guesses up to 10,500 years. That this ageand seasonal range can range from 100 to about 10500 years. Conclusion What is to come from the examination of the region varnish it shows that With the onset of drought and wind activity in the area(approximately 10500 years ago), Varnish have begun to develop , and the results of the study of morphology and stratigraphy have shown The fact that the period of wind and drought activity in the region is long and that the period is not wet or wet is a long time. . Because in the event of a long wet period, the effects of this period are reflected in the morphology of the varnish, . Because the morphology of the region's Varnish is only in Lamellate form, it indicates the sovereignty of the dry period and the frequency of wind activity and dust storms in the area, if the duration of the wet period occurred in the area or was long, The morphology of the varnish was transformed from Lamellate to Botryoidal And the Varnish compounds also changed. Because in the wet period the amount and percentage of manganese(Mn(It focuses more on Varnish. Meanwhile, the amount of manganese in the varnish region is negligible And instead of iron (Fe) In Varnish more abundant, Which itself is evidence of the sovereignty of the dry period and the lack of vegetation in the region. The results also show that desert varnish can be used as a geomorphologic index to investigate the climatic fluctuations of the Ergs, especially the late Quaternary fluctuations.}, keywords = {Desert Varnish,Gonabad Erg,Climate Fluctuations,Holocene,varnish morphology}, title_fa = {بررسی اهمیت و نقش ورنی بیابان به عنوان یک شاخص کرونومتری در مطالعه نوسانات اقلیمی کواترنر اخیر (مطالعه موردی ریگ گناباد )}, abstract_fa = {این تحقیق به منظور بررسی اهمیت و نقش ورنی بیابان به عنوان یک شاخص ژئومورفولوژیک برای مطالعه نوسانات اقلیمی ریگ گناباد انجام شده است. و بر این اساس ابتدا نمونه های ورنی از سطح منطقه جمع آوری گردید و جهت انجام مطالعات و تحلیل به آزمایشگاه منتقل گردید. بعد از انجام تحلیلهای مورد نیاز توسط میکروسکپ الکترون اسکن(SEM) و تحلیلهای انرژی- پراکنی اشعه X (EDAX) ویژگیهای فیزیکی ورنی همچون، مورفولوژی ضخامت، میکروچینه شناسی، عناصر شیمیایی مورد بررسی قرار گرفت و مشخص گردید که ورنی دارای مورفولوژی ورقه ای بوده و فاقد لایه های متوالی می باشد که این نشان دهنده این است که ورنی در شرایط خشک شدید همراه با فعالیت شدید فرایندهای بادی و گرد و غبار در منطقه تشکیل گردیده است. مهمترین عناصر موجود در ورنی Si، Fe، K، Ca، Ti، Mg، Al و ... بوده و مشخص گردید که میزان Si رس ها بیشترین مقدار را دارد و Fe آهن از میزان منگنز موجود در ورنی بیشتر بوده که خود نشان دهنده حاکمیت شرایط خشک در زمان تشکیل ورنی بوده است. همچنین بررسی نسبت کاتیونی ورنی نشان داد که شکل گیری ورنی باید به احتمال خیلی زیاد از حدود 10500 سال پیش اوایل هولوسن در کواترنری اخیر شروع شده است. نتایج تحقیق نشان دهنده این است که ورنی بیابان و ویژگیهای آن می تواند به عنوان شاخصی برای بررسی نوسانات اقلیمی اواخر کواترنر مورد استفاده قرار گیرد.}, keywords_fa = {ورنی بیابان,ریگ گناباد,نوسانات اقلیمی,هولوسن,مورفولوژی ورنی}, url = {https://www.geomorphologyjournal.ir/article_106413.html}, eprint = {https://www.geomorphologyjournal.ir/article_106413_656bcef9297f8a88ca708b0c847a0135.pdf} } @article { author = {shafiei, najmeh and GoliMokhtari, Laila and amir ahmadi, abolghasem and Zandi, Rahman}, title = {Investigation of subsidence of Noorabad plain aquifer using radar interferometry method}, journal = {Quantitative Geomorphological Research}, volume = {8}, number = {4}, pages = {93-111}, year = {2020}, publisher = {Iranian Association of Geomorphology}, issn = {22519424}, eissn = {}, doi = {10.22034/gmpj.2020.106424}, abstract = {IntroductionAccording to the US Geological Survey, the phenomenon of land subsidence involves the collapse or downward saturation of the earth that can have a slight displacement vector. Earth subsidence is a geological phenomenon that causes the earth to descend slowly and horizontally.This phenomenon is due to a variety of factors including natural factors such as earthquakes, volcanoes, fault activity, subsidence caused by sea level rise, dissolution in rocks, oxidation, compaction of organic sediments, pit development in karst lands, or human activities, Includes unseasonable harvesting of fluids from the ground such as oil and gas water. In recent years, in Iran, with the increase in the amount of subsidence due to buildings, runways, bridges, tunnels, streets, rail and road transport, agricultural facilities change the direction and direction of river movement. The canals and canals and fertility of agricultural lands have been damaged and also damages the flow pattern of hydrology, tilting and diversion of power towers and so on. Buildings that are larger and taller are more vulnerable, such as railways, earthen dams, canals, power towers and telecommunications.Research MethodsThe method of this study is analytical and field research. In this study, ground data consisting of 18 piezometers from 1382 to 1396 for the calculation of groundwater loss rates, groundwater levels in the minimum and maximum periods were prepared by interpolation of their interpolation maps. Exploration wells were used to calculate aquifer discharge levels and radar data including Sentinel 1 images were used to calculate subsidence rates from 2015 to 2018 and finally between the groundwater and subsidence factors in the correlation area. It was obtained from field survey data of their validationDiscussionIn this research, differential radar interferometry has been used to determine the extent and extent of subsidence in Noorabad plain. In order to produce spatial pattern maps of the extent and amplitude of the meeting, a pair of radar sensors were used at different time intervals to perform interferometry. Due to the variability of the amount and amplitude of the meeting, caused by water harvesting as a positive factor as well as the role of natural endowments (precipitation) as a moderating factor, images were processed over time periods consistent with the crop calendar and rainy seasons. . The findings confirm the occurrence of a maximum annual subsidence of 3 cm in an area of 186 square kilometers. The occurrence of such phenomena is largely contemplated due to agricultural structures in other parts of Iran, because in Iran, due to the existence of a special agricultural calendar for irrigation in spring and summer, as well as the possibility of recharge in winter and early spring, The relative importance of the table and its impact on meeting rates for later periods is accepted and relatively inclusive. With the output of radar imagery output over 4 years, the results show that from 2015 to 2018, the aquifer level will increase substantially, with areas in the central and eastern parts of the aquifer having the highest aquifer rate in the regions. The residential and agricultural area has been developed in such a way that the effects of these meetings are evident in the residential and agricultural land and the blue areas show signs of uplift when descending to a subsidence area. It does not occur, but rather a double or elevated aquifer surface.In the analysis section, we study the status of the subsidence rate in the study area using radar images during the years mentioned, by examining the status of the piezometers and the rate of subsidence during these years showed that the situation of the subsidence area which is very high in 2015 is 8 km Which is 34 km in comparison to 2014 and in 2016 is 40 and 86 in 2017 and 2018 respectively. Based on the maps we see in these 4 consecutive years that we see the sum of each year The level of the plain has been increased and thus the summit on the plain has become a danger.ConclusionThe average subsidence rate is about4 cm per year. The average subsidence over the four years is about 36 square kilometers of aquifer area, which covers about 5% of the area, with wells concentrated and the highest groundwater abstraction and concentration of existing cities and villages. In these areas, due to the water supply of the residential community including Nourabad and the surrounding areas, as well as the supply of water to the industrial sector, including factories and agricultural activities, the availability of more water resources and the availability of groundwater is very high. The high drop has been attributed to the high potential of these areas in the subsidence debate with the involvement of arid climates in the area, and has been identified as one of the critical areas of the city in the subsidence map. Radar interferometry results show that excessive withdrawal from the surface of the underground reservoirs has caused the downstream portion of the aquifer to collapse, as well as the presence of numerous aquifers at the aquifer level causing damage to residential sites. One of the areas most exposed to flooding in the plain is the groundwater loss in the eastern, central and southern part of the aquifer within about 14 m of about 14 m in the same well and the results of R2 coefficient correlation of 72% The significance level of 99% was obtained indicating that there is a direct relationship between these two parameters.}, keywords = {Keywords: Subsidence,Radar interferometry,Groundwater Loss,SNAP,Noorabad Plain Aquifer}, title_fa = {بررسی فرونشست آبخوان دشت نورآباد با استفاده از روش تداخل سنجی راداری}, abstract_fa = {فرونشست زمین در طی سال‌های گذشته به دلایل مختلف از جمله رشد بی رویه جمعیت، برداشت بیش از حد از منابع آب زیرزمینی به همراه عوامل دیگر سبب بروز مشکلات و معضلات فراوان به زمین‌های کشاورزی، ساختمان‌های مسکونی، جاده‌ها، خطوط انتقال نیرو و ... شده است. در این پژوهش به منظور بررسی وضعیت فرونشست در دشت نورآباد از داده های سنتینل 1A در بازه زمانی (2018-2015) و روش تداخل سنجی راداری که با مقایسه فازهای دو تصویر راداری که از یک منطقه در دو زمان مختلف اخذ شده اند، قادر به تعیین تغییرات سطح زمین در آن بازه ی زمانی می باشد در محیط نرم افراز( SNAP) استفاده شد. جهت تهیه نقشه های افت و سطح آب زیرزمینی در سال‌های حداقل 1382 و حداکثر1394 از روش درونیابی IDW استفاده شد و سپس میان دو پارامتر افت آب زیرمینی و لایه فرونشست همبستگی گرفته شد و نتایج حاصل از همبستگی ضریب R2 برابر 72% و سطح معناداری 99% به دست آمد ونشان داد که ارتباط مستقیمی بین افت و میزان فرونشست وجود دارد. همچنین نتایج نشان داد که، در محدوده دشت در بازه زمانی 12 ساله بیشترین میزان افت آب زیرزمینی حدود 22- متر در بخش های شرقی، جنوبی و مرکزی آبخوان واقع در چاه ها پیزومتری اسکان عشایر، خومه زار، شهرک صنعتی ، تل مشکی و شور می باشد. نقشه های حاصل از فرونشست نشان داد که نرخ نشست در هر سال میانگین 4 سانتی مترو طی بازه زمانی 4 ساله حدود 16 00/0متر(16 سانتی متر ) می باشد.}, keywords_fa = {فرونشست,تداخل سنجی راداری,افت آب زیرزمینی,SNAP,آبخوان دشت نورآباد}, url = {https://www.geomorphologyjournal.ir/article_106424.html}, eprint = {https://www.geomorphologyjournal.ir/article_106424_7add0c04e5eb6cb58ec42671eb9cf3b7.pdf} } @article { author = {Salehipour Milani, Alireza and Beshkani, Zahra}, title = {Analyses quantitative Relation Between Characteristics of Coastal Fan delta morphometry with Catchments (Case Study, Talesh Geomorphological Unit)}, journal = {Quantitative Geomorphological Research}, volume = {8}, number = {4}, pages = {112-130}, year = {2020}, publisher = {Iranian Association of Geomorphology}, issn = {22519424}, eissn = {}, doi = {10.22034/gmpj.2020.106425}, abstract = {IntroductionRelationships between alluvial fans and catchments are a basic concept in geomorphological studies and many empirical models have been used to study the variation between the properties of an alluvial fan and its drainage basin. TheTalesh Geomorphological Unit in northern Iran is one of the most important units in the country and so far, no morphological and morphometric study has been done on its coastal alluvial fan cones. Alluvial fans of the Talesh coastal plain are one of the most important geomorphological units in the region, with distinct differences in shape, size, and factors affecting their evolution The purpose of this study is to investigate the morphology of alluvial fans, and analyze the role of morphology and lithology of catchments in the alluvial fan geomorphology of this area using statistical relationships.MethodologyBasin and alluvial fan boundary extracted using Alos-Palsat elevation model, 1: 50000 map and Quickbird satellite images in Arcgis and Hec-GeoHMSsoftware.Ab catchment area ,Cb: highest basin elevation ,, Pb: basin perimeter,, Lc: river length ,, Rb: basin , (minimum difference and maximum basin height,), Db drainage network density as well as: M Melton coefficient in basins and Af: Alluvial fan area, Apf: apex, Lf: length of alluvial fan, Sf: Slope of alluvial fan, Cf alluvial fan,Ltf toe length of alluvial fan and alluvial fan volume (V) calculated and used In this study. In order to better analyze the factors affecting the formation of alluvial fans, using cluster analysis and n SPSS software, alluvial fans that are most similar together they were classified into 5 classes. Moreover, the role of the main factors in the formation and morphometric changes of alluvial fans was investigated.Results and discussionBased on the variance of factors among the variables measured in catchment related to variables: drainage basin area, catchment area, basin height difference, total length of channel network, basin elevation height, and melaton coefficient. Alluvial fan volume, Alluvial fan apex height, cone length, and cone slope. The results of the correlation matrix show the influence of the variables of melton coefficient, area, perimeters, roughness and erodibility of the basin on the geometric shaping of alluvial fans. Alluvial fan area has the highest correlation with catchment area of 0.629 and basin environment of 0.616 and erodibility of rock and sedimentary units with 0. 536.The effect of melton coefficient on other geometrical parameters of the basin is also quite clear. Among the catchment variables, cone slope with melton coefficient (-0.59) , length of cone (-0.569) , height of cone vertex (-0.525) , and difference of vertex height and cone height (-0.558) The highest correlation with the Melton coefficient of cone base length has the highest correlation with basin roughness (0.558) and later with erosivity 0.55 and basin environment (0.552). Among the statistical methods used to communicate and correlate between catchment geometric parameters and alluvial fans, allometric relationships show a very strong correlation between catchment area with alluvial area and melton coefficient with alluvial fan slope.Allometry results show a very strong positive correlation coefficient of about 0.78 between catchment area and alluvial fan area.The relationship between basin area and alluvial fan slope in the study area using this relationship was weak and positive.The relationship between the melton coefficient of the basin slope is inverse. The results also showa strong positive correlation of 0.75 between these two parametersConclusionThe results show that the most important factor in decreasing or increasing the area of alluvial fan in this area is catchment area and with decreasing basin area, the area of alluvial fan also has a decreasing trend and shows a linear correlation coefficient of 0.41. The Melton coefficient, which takes into account the role of catchment area roughness and roughness, is the most correlated variable with volume, slope, cone length, apex height, and alluvial fan height difference in the study area. Correlation matrix, linear correlation and allometric matrix relationships were used to investigate the correlation between parameters. The results show that in addition to the relationship between catchment area and alluvial slope slope, relationships between basin area and alluvial slope area, as well as slope and melton coefficient, the coefficients obtained by allometric method are much better than other statistical methods in relation to the relationship between Morphometric variables have catchment and geometric shape of alluvial fans.The results show that in addition to the relationship between catchment area and alluvial slope, the relationships between basin area and alluvial area as well as melton coefficient and slope coefficients are much better than the other statistical methods in relation to the relationship between Morphometric variables have catchment and geometric shape of alluvial fans.Keyword: Alluvial fan, Morphometry, Allometry, Talesh Unit}, keywords = {: Alluvial fan,morphometry,Allometry,Talesh Unit}, title_fa = {تحلیل روابط کمی بین ویژگی‌های مورفومتری مخروط افکنه های ساحلی با حوضه های آبخیز (مطالعه موردی، واحد ژئومورفولوژیکی تالش)}, abstract_fa = {مخروط افکنه های جلگه ساحلی واحد تالش از جمله مهم‌ترین واحد های ژئومورفولوژیکی این منطقه می‌باشد که از دیدگاه شکل و ابعاد کمی و عوامل موثر در تکامل آن‌ها تفاوت‌های آشکاری دارند. تحلیل کمی مورفولوژی و مورفومتری و همچنین برقراری روابط آماری و تعیین نقش مهم‌ترین عوامل موثر بر شکل گیری و تغییرات هندسی این مخروط افکنه ها، می‌تواند رهیافتی جدیدی را در زمینه مطالعات این اشکال در منطقه مورد مطالعه به همراه داشته باشد.در بررسی مورفولوژی حوضه‌ها پارامتر های مساحت حوضه، محیط حوضه، طول شبکه آبراهه، تراکم شبکه آبراهه، شیب حوضه‌ها، نسبت اختلاف ارتفاع حوضه، ضریب ناهمواری ملتن، فرسایش پذیری واحد های سنگی حوضه و در تحلیل مخروط افکنه ها، پارامتر های مساحت، اختلاف ارتفاع، حجم، شیب، تقعر و طول مخروط و طول قاعده مخروط در 24 مخروط افکنه و حوضه اصلی زون ساحلی تالش محاسبه گردید. همچنین طبقه بندی فرسایش پذیری واحد های سنگی بر اساس روش پیروان (1391) انجام گرفت.نتایج حاصل از ماتریس همبستگی نشان دهنده تأثیر متغیرهای ضریب ملتون، مساحت، محیط و ناهمواری و فرسایش پذیری حوضه در شکل دهی هندسی مخروط افکنه ها است و مساحت حوضه آبریز و ضربی ملتون بیشترین همبستگی را با ویژگی‌های مورفومتری مخروط افکنه ها دارد. از بین روش‌های آماری مورد استفاده برای برقراری ارتباط و همبستگی بین پارامتر های هندسی حوضه آبریز و مخروط افکنه ها، روابط ریاضی مبتنی بر آلومتری همبستگی نشان دهنده همبستگی بسیار قوی بین مساحت حوضه آبریز با مساحت مخروط افکنه و همچنین ضریب ملتون با شیب مخروط افکنه دارد.}, keywords_fa = {مخروط افکنه,مورفومتری,واحد تالش,آلومتری,مخروط ا}, url = {https://www.geomorphologyjournal.ir/article_106425.html}, eprint = {https://www.geomorphologyjournal.ir/article_106425_1269ee987a029f2ee3d5ddb94df1fa5a.pdf} } @article { author = {Arsalan, mehrvarz and Madadi, Aghil and Esfandiary Darabad, Fariba and rahimi, masoud}, title = {Simulation of Dare Ourt River floods using Hydrodynamic Model HEC-RAS in GIS environmental (Case study: from Shorestan Village to Confluence of Aras River)}, journal = {Quantitative Geomorphological Research}, volume = {8}, number = {4}, pages = {131-146}, year = {2020}, publisher = {Iranian Association of Geomorphology}, issn = {22519424}, eissn = {}, doi = {10.22034/gmpj.2020.106426}, abstract = {IntroductionA flood is an unusually high stage in a river. It is an overflow of water outside its normal course. A flood results when a stream runs out of its confines and submerges surrounding areas. Among natural catastrophes, flooding has claimed more lives than any other single natural hazard. In the decade from 1986 to 1995, flooding accounted for 31% of the global economic losses from natural catastrophes and 55% of the casualties. The damaging effects of flooding are likely to become more frequent, more prevalent and more serious in the future. The burgeoning population of our planet is leading to the increasing exposure of people and property to the hazards of flooding. Today, river behavioral studies and engineering activities are one of the most important concerns of engineers involved in this field. The flood is an unusual stage in the river bed, which is an overflowing stream of river hydrologic power. Because of the placement of many urban and agricultural communities near the river this one great threat around the world. One of the important discussions of river geomorphology is the analysis of the effects of flood on the duct and sediment transport. Flood hazard maps for different return periods is one of the most popular maps that are used to show the potential hazards in floodplains. Management of the floodplain of the river is felt more than ever. Improved data collection and real-time modelling of flood events allows emergency services and relevant authorities to make more-informed decisions about where they direct their attention. In some instances, the areas where explicit reports of flooding are received are not those requiring the most urgent attention .The purpose of flood management was to maximize the benefits and reduce damage and casualties. The study area is River Dare Ourt one of the permanent rivers in Ardebil province, which during recent years has always faced major flood events. Materials & MethodsThis research is based on filed studies and 1:2000 scale topographic maps that provided by Ardabil regional water authority. The 1:100000 scale geological maps, satellite imagery such as IRS and Google Earth and also hydrometric data, considered as essential data. The HEC-RAS model could calculate the water surface profile in stable flow gradual variable in rivers and artificial channels in the subcritical, supercritical and complex regimes. The calculation of water surface profile carried out from one cross section to other cross, step by step, solving energy equation in standard way.Results & DiscussionThe present research has identified the risk of flooding in a range of 70 km. HEC-RAS is a one-dimensional steady flow hydraulic model designed to aid hydraulic engineers in channel flow analysis and floodplain determination. The results of the model can be applied in floodplain management and flood insurance studies. HEC-RAS is based on the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers’ HEC-RAS water surface profile model used for modeling both steady and unsteady, one-dimensional, gradually varied flow in both natural and man-made river channels. HEC-RAS also allows sediment transport/mobile bed computations and water temperature modelling in this research, after simulating the flow of the river in the HEC-RAS software environment, the output of this software is included in the Arc GIS software, and detailed maps of flood zones for different return periods are depicted in this software. In this research, the risk of flood occurrence in this river has been simulated and analyzed using the HEC-RAS hydraulic model in the GIS environment. The main data required for this research are topographic maps 1: 2000 of the Dare ourt River and hydrometric data and river boundary conditions. ConclusionField analysis showed that due to the encroachment of farmers in the area, a lot of changes occurred across the river's active bed. This action causes narrowing of the duct and causes the flow of water from the main duct to enter the flood plain. The outflow of spatial distribution of flood simulated in the region showed that in the event of a flood with a return period of 25 years, about 1743 hectares of flood plain lands will fall under water and cause many damage to farmers. The results also showed that the maximum width of the catchment for flood with a return period of 25 years in some parts of the river will be about 896 meters. Accordingly, the need to pay attention to the liberation of the land of the land and the privacy of the river in the Dare ourt for the proper management of the flood plain of the river is felt more than ever.}, keywords = {Simulation of floods,Hydrodynamic Model HEC-RAS,geographic information system (GIS),Dare Ourt River}, title_fa = {شبیه‌سازی سیلاب‌های رودخانه دره ائورت با استفاده از مدل هیدرولیکی HEC-RAS در محیط GIS (محدوده موردمطالعه: از روستای شورستان تا تلاقی رودخانه ارس)}, abstract_fa = {سیلاب‌ها ازجمله فراوان‌ترین مخاطرات طبیعی می‌باشند که همه‌ساله خسارات جانی و مالی بسیاری را برای مردم به همراه دارند. مناطق مجاور رودخانه‌ها به دلیل بهره‌برداری از شرایط خاص اجتماعی و اقتصادی، همواره مورد دست‌اندازی به بستر و حریم رودخانه قرارگرفته‌اند که این عمل باعث شده خطرات ناشی از وقوع سیلاب‌ها در طی سال‌های اخیر افزایش یابد. رودخانه دره ائورت یکی از رودخانه‌ای دائمی استان اردبیل می‌باشد که در طی سال‌های اخیر همواره با رخداد سیلاب‌های بزرگی مواجه بوده است. در این پژوهش سعی شده است خطر وقوع سیلاب در این رودخانه با استفاده از مدل هیدرولیکی HEC-RAS در محیط GIS شبیه‌سازی‌شده و موردبررسی قرار گیرد. داده‌های اصلی موردنیاز برای این پژوهش شامل: نقشه‌های توپوگرافی 1:2000رودخانه دره ائورت، داده‌های هیدرومتری و شرایط مرزی رودخانه می‌باشد که از سازمان آب منطقه‌ای استان اردبیل تهیه گردید. بر اساس تجزیه‌وتحلیل‌های صورت گرفته و بررسی میدانی مشخص گردید که به دلیل دست‌اندازی‌های کشاورزان منطقه، تغییرات زیادی در عرض بستر فعال رودخانه اتفاق افتاده است. این عمل سبب تنگ‌شدگی مجرای رودخانه گردیده و باعث می‌شود جریان آب رودخانه از مجرای اصلی خارج‌شده و وارد محدوده‌ی دشت سیلابی گردد. خروجی نقشه پراکنش فضایی سیلاب‌های شبیه‌سازی‌شده در منطقه نشان داد پل‌هایی که سازه بتنی ندارند در سیلاب‌های با دوره بازگشت‌های 2-5-10 ساله با احتمال تخریب روبه‌رو خواهند شد. همچنین در سیلاب‌های با دوره بازگشت‌های 50-100-200 بسیاری از زمین‌های زراعی و روستاها در معرض خسارت قرار خواهند گرفت.}, keywords_fa = {شبیه‌سازی سیلاب,مدل HEC-RAS,سیستم اطلاعات جغرافیایی (GIS),رودخانه دره ائورت}, url = {https://www.geomorphologyjournal.ir/article_106426.html}, eprint = {https://www.geomorphologyjournal.ir/article_106426_50ef3a9062c0612089dc863a0d9b9b36.pdf} } @article { author = {Negaresh, Hossein and Fotoohi, Samad and sistani Badooei, masoud and Nikpour, Noorallah}, title = {Investigating Process of Geomorphological Variation of Tombolo in Tang Seaport during 1972-2015}, journal = {Quantitative Geomorphological Research}, volume = {8}, number = {4}, pages = {147-163}, year = {2020}, publisher = {Iranian Association of Geomorphology}, issn = {22519424}, eissn = {}, doi = {10.22034/gmpj.2020.106427}, abstract = {IntroductionCoasts are among the most important and strategic places with special importance for countries. Having 673 km of water border in the north and 2098 km in south, Iran has a great potential for commercial, touristic, and military purposes. The beaches, as one of the most endangered places under the influence of sea waves, are constantly undergoing geomorphological changes. Tombolo is one of the effects of coastal sand compression that is affected by waves and the resulting hazards always threaten the inhabitants of the area, so it is necessary to study this effect. The purpose of this study was to monitor the time series of geomorphological changes in Tombolo of Bandar Tang on the coasts of Sistan and Baluchestan province using remote sensing and field surveys. The Tang Seaport tombolo is located on the southeastern coasts of Iran between longitude of °59 ′53 ″10 to °59 ′54 ″10 E and latitude of °25 ′20 ″29 to °25 ′21 ″01 N. This geomorphological feature with the area of 0.3 km2 is located at the south of Sistan and Baluchistan Province, Konarak County, 97 km distance from the west of Konarak at the south of Tang Seaport. therefore, it is essential to study the geomorphological shape of coasts in order to manage the reduction of such hazards.MethodologyThe present study was conducted using statistical analysis, field survey, and remote sensing. In order to investigate the geomorphological changes in the tombolo of Tang Seaport, different information was used. In this regard, the Landsat satellite imagery from 1972 to 2016 was used. To analyze the regime of the atmospheric and sea currents in this region, the statistics of the stations close to the region was used, which included the daily statistics of Chabahar and Jask synoptic stations, and statistics of the PMO buoy station as well as marine buoy station at city of Chabahar. In order to analyze the geomorphological features of the tombolo in Tang Seaport, Gis & Rs was used. Satellite imagery was provided during the statistical period and underwent band composition using ENVI software. Then, it was digitized in GIS software and the morphometric changes of the tombolo and sandspit were calculated. Afterwards, using WRPlot software, the wind rose and wave rose of the region were depicted and their association with geomorphological changes was investigated.Results and discussionThe obtained results showed that during the studied statistical period, the tombolo’s connection to the mainland was interrupted in four cases in 1972, 1989, 2000, and 2016, the main reason of which was the surges along the wind direction that have eroded and destroyed the tombolo sand spit. The main cause of these currents was the summer monsoons of the southeastern Asia, which cause the anomalies in the Sea of Oman currents every year. Since the tombolo sand spit is located at the north of island, the changes and power of the waves in the Sea of Oman from west and east have eroded and removed the sand spit so that the western direction of the waves in 1988 and 2015 and their eastern direction in 1999 have resulted in the disconnection of this geomorphological feature. The existing evidence showed that the eastern currents in the Sea of Oman were the cause of the disconnection of the tombolo sand spit in 1972, which had acceptable correlation with the sand spit separation in 1999. According to the results of the above table, physiography of the tombolo and its sand spit as well as position of Tang Seaport and its sand spit had a close relationship with the relatively calm years in the Sea of Oman, and whenever the seasonal currents of Southeastern Asia had less energy, the erosion processes were weaker and sedimentation was increased, so that the specific geomorphological changes occurred proportionate to the direction of the waves in that year.ConclusionStudies have shown significant geomorphological changes in this phenomenon. The results of field visits, time-series analyzes (45 years) of Landsat satellite data and statistics of synoptic and buoy stations showed that in some years severe sea currents and waves caused extensive geomorphological changes, such as discontinuation of sandbags and elimination of tombolo. The harbor has been narrowed, so that during the statistical period, waves in 1972, 1989, 2000, and 2016 interrupted the island's connection with the land through sandy tongue erosion. Marked with time intervals of 17, 11 and 16 years, respectively. Therefore, the active dynamics of the waves in Tombolo, the port of Tang, have prevented the hazards of the waves from creating human settlements in the area. Due to the existing conditions and for the coastal management of Tombolo Port Tang and the use of existing potentials, the construction of artificial barriers for sedimentation of coastal sands seems necessary. It should be noted that this geomorphologic complication has never been eliminated during the period under study and has only undergone changes that have.}, keywords = {geomorphology,tombolo,Tang Seaport,Makran coast,Sea of Oman}, title_fa = {بررسی روند تغییرات ژئومورفولوژیکی تومبولوی بندر تنگ از سال 1351 تا سال 1394}, abstract_fa = {سواحل به عنوان یکی از مکان‌های‌ مخاطره‌خیز تحت تأثیر امواج دریا، همواره دچار تغییر و تحولات مستمر ژئومورفولوژیکی است. تومبولو یکی از این عوارض تراکمی ماسه‌ای است که تحت تأثیر امواج دستخوش تغییراتی می‌شود و مخاطرات ناشی از آن همواره منطقه را تهدید می‌کند به همین دلیل مطالعة این عارضه ضروری بنظر می‌رسد. این مطالعه با هدف پایش سری‌زمانی تغییرات ژئومورفولوژیکی تومبولوی بندر تنگ در سواحل استان سیستان و بلوچستان با کمک سنجش از دور و بازدید میدانی صورت گرفته است. بررسی‌های انجام شده نشان از تغییرات چشمگیر ژئومورفولوژیکی در این عارضه بوده است. نتایج حاصل از بازدید میدانی، تحلیل‌های سری زمانی (45سالة) داده‌های ماهواره لندست و آمار ایستگاه‌های سینوپتیک و بویه نشان داد که در برخی از سال‌ها جریان‌ها و امواج شدید دریایی باعث تغییرات ژئومورفولوژیکی گسترده، به صورت قطع نمودن زبانه ماسه‌ای و از بین بردن تومبولو در بندر تنگ شده، به گونه‌ای که در طول دوره آماری، جریان امواج در سال‌های 1972، 1989، 2000 و 2016 ارتباط جزیره تنگ را با خشکی قطع کرده است که به ترتیب با فاصله زمانی 17، 11 و 16 ساله مشخص شده‌اند. بنابراین دینامیک فعال دریا باعث شده تا مخاطرات امواج مانع ایجاد سکونتگاه‌های انسانی در این منطقه گردد. اما جزیره تنگ به تنهایی هیچگاه به طور کامل از بین نرفته است و فقط دستخوش تغییراتی شده است. با توجه به شرایط موجود و به منظور مدیریت ساحلی این جزیره، احداث موانع مصنوعی به منظور رسوبگذاری ماسه‌های ساحلی لازم به نظر می‌رسد.}, keywords_fa = {ژئومورفولوژی,تومبولو,بندر تنگ,ساحل مکران,دریای عمان}, url = {https://www.geomorphologyjournal.ir/article_106427.html}, eprint = {https://www.geomorphologyjournal.ir/article_106427_751951833c7a9d735b9c8cd6b04512c5.pdf} } @article { author = {shahbazi, alireza and Pourkhosravani, Mohsen}, title = {Tectonic or subsidence-induced movements}, journal = {Quantitative Geomorphological Research}, volume = {8}, number = {4}, pages = {164-175}, year = {2020}, publisher = {Iranian Association of Geomorphology}, issn = {22519424}, eissn = {}, doi = {10.22034/gmpj.2020.106428}, abstract = {In the last three decades, researchers have begun a wide-ranging effort to elucidate the causes of sedimentary cracks in the plains and have often attributed such gaps to excessive groundwater harvesting. Although subsidence in these plains has been proven credible by scientific documents, its relevance to water abstraction from underground aquifers has been subject to some uncertainty, as the "shag" or "drum" phenomenon has been pre-empted by many Iranian peasants. The adoption of diesel suction technology and deep wells has been a well-known phenomenon. On the other hand, subsidence is not confined to low-negative plains and positive-low plains. This evidence led to the observation of the behavior of these plains in terms of water abstraction from aquifers and tectonic motions to clarify the cause of this issue by relying on different types of documents and empirical modeling of the underground in both dynamic and static conditions. The results of this study show that:* The phenomenon of drumming or drumming, which most scholars attribute to the overwhelming harvest of underground aquifers, has a much longer historical history, so that this phenomenon before many diesel diggers and digging wells for many Iranian peasants. The phenomenon has been experienced and recognized.In the last three decades, researchers have begun a wide-ranging effort to elucidate the causes of sedimentary cracks in the plains and have often attributed such gaps to excessive groundwater harvesting. Although subsidence in these plains has been proven credible by scientific documents, its relevance to water abstraction from underground aquifers has been subject to some uncertainty, as the "shag" or "drum" phenomenon has been pre-empted by many Iranian peasants. The adoption of diesel suction technology and deep wells has been a well-known phenomenon. On the other hand, subsidence is not confined to low-negative plains and positive-low plains. This evidence led to the observation of the behavior of these plains in terms of water abstraction from aquifers and tectonic motions to clarify the cause of this issue by relying on different types of documents and empirical modeling of the underground in both dynamic and static conditions. The results of this study show that:* The phenomenon of drumming or drumming, which most scholars attribute to the overwhelming harvest of underground aquifers, has a much longer historical history, so that this phenomenon before many diesel diggers and digging wells for many Iranian peasants. The phenomenon has been experienced and recognized.In the last three decades, researchers have begun a wide-ranging effort to elucidate the causes of sedimentary cracks in the plains and have often attributed such gaps to excessive groundwater harvesting. Although subsidence in these plains has been proven credible by scientific documents, its relevance to water abstraction from underground aquifers has been subject to some uncertainty, as the "shag" or "drum" phenomenon has been pre-empted by many Iranian peasants. The adoption of diesel suction technology and deep wells has been a well-known phenomenon. On the other hand, subsidence is not confined to low-negative plains and positive-low plains. This evidence led to the observation of the behavior of these plains in terms of water abstraction from aquifers and tectonic motions to clarify the cause of this issue by relying on different types of documents and empirical modeling of the underground in both dynamic and static conditions. The results of this study show that:* The phenomenon of drumming or drumming, which most scholars attribute to the overwhelming harvest of underground aquifers, has a much longer historical history, so that this phenomenon before many diesel diggers and digging wells for many Iranian peasants. The phenomenon has been experienced and recognized.In the last three decades, researchers have begun a wide-ranging effort to elucidate the causes of sedimentary cracks in the plains and have often attributed such gaps to excessive groundwater harvesting. Although subsidence in these plains has been proven credible by scientific documents, its relevance to water abstraction from underground aquifers has been subject to some uncertainty, as the "shag" or "drum" phenomenon has been pre-empted by many Iranian peasants. The adoption of diesel suction technology and deep wells has been a well-known phenomenon. On the other hand, subsidence is not confined to low-negative plains and positive-low plains. This evidence led to the observation of the behavior of these plains in terms of water abstraction from aquifers and tectonic motions to clarify the cause of this issue by relying on different types of documents and empirical modeling of the underground in both dynamic and static conditions. The results of this study show that:* The phenomenon of drumming or drumming, which most scholars attribute to the overwhelming harvest of underground aquifers, has a much longer historical history, so that this phenomenon before many diesel diggers and digging wells for many Iranian peasants. The phenomenon has been experienced and recognized.}, keywords = {subsidence,Daval,Shaq,movements,Underground aquifers}, title_fa = {حرکات تکتونیک جنبا یا فرونشست های ناشی از سوبسیدانس}, abstract_fa = {محققان در سه دهه اخیر تلاش گسترده ای را برای روشن ساختن علل بوجود آمدن ترک های دشت های رسوبی آغاز و غالباً ایجاد چنین شکاف هایی را به برداشت بیش از حد آب های زیر زمینی نسبت داده اند . اگرچه فرونشست در این دشت ها به اعتبار اسناد معتبر علمی امری اثبات شده است ولی نسبت دادن آن به برداشت آب از سفره های زیر زمینی با تردیدهایی همراه بوده است، زیرا پدیده "شق" یا "درام " برای بسیاری از دهقانان ایرانی قبل از بکارگیری تکنولوژی مکنده های دیزلی وحفرچاه های عمیق پدیده ای شناخته شده بوده است. از طرفی فرونشست تنها به دشت هایی با بیلان منفی محدود نشده و دشت هایی با بیلان مثبت را هم شامل می شود. این شواهد سبب شد که برای روشن شدن علت این موضوع به اتکا دو روش مختلف اسنادی و مدل سازی تجربی ازسفره زیرزمینی در دو حالت دینامیک و استاتیک عملا به رصد رفتار این گونه دشت ها در برابر برداشت آب از سفره ها و تحرکات تکتونیکی مبادرت شود. نتایج حاصل از این تحقیق نشان می دهد که : * پدیده شق یا درام که غالب محققان آنرا به برداشت بی رویه از سفره های آبی زیرزمینی نسبت می دهند دارای سابقه تاریخی بسیار طولانی تری است به گونه ای که این پدیده قبل از رایج شدن تکنولوژی مکنده های دیزلی و حفر چاه های عمیق برای بسیاری از دهقانان ایرانی پدیده تجربه شده وشناخته شده ای بوده است.}, keywords_fa = {سوبسیدانس,دوال,شق,حرکات جنبا,سفره های آبی زیرزمینی}, url = {https://www.geomorphologyjournal.ir/article_106428.html}, eprint = {https://www.geomorphologyjournal.ir/article_106428_de256a2c6f5721e0c8e457459725774b.pdf} } @article { author = {Mohammadkhan, Shirin and Garoosi, Leila}, title = {Geomorphic impact analysis to examine the feasibility of development of agricultural lands through Fuzzy and ANP models (Case Study: Qorveh county)}, journal = {Quantitative Geomorphological Research}, volume = {8}, number = {4}, pages = {176-191}, year = {2020}, publisher = {Iranian Association of Geomorphology}, issn = {22519424}, eissn = {}, doi = {10.22034/gmpj.2020.106429}, abstract = {IntroductionTodays geomorphological studies is the basis of natural resources studies and scrutiny. Accordingly, the plain one of the most important geomorphological forms in arid and semi-dry that have the potential to embrace human population , as well as sources of soil and groundwater and surface water resources are rich. Understanding the processes and mechanisms that enable the user to determine the type of landforms and features as well as the units are remarkably better use of natural and sustainable development is very important. Through the influence of agriculture on the environment, economic growth and food security as though evolving, but very vital role in the economic development of any country. Any use of the land, regardless of differences in ecological and environmental potential to cause adverse environmental impacts such as soil erosion, desertification, deforestation is. Accordingly, the Qorveh county considerable talent in the field of agriculture, and always as one of the most important centers of agricultural production in the province has been. But due to lack of studies on the development of agriculture and the lack of a coherent and systematic planning of land use in this area is not optimal , and also because of the exclusion of farmers in many services and infrastructure facilities and agriculture, small villages and large villages are sending are collapsing. The aim of the present study the feasibility of development of agricultural lands due to geomorphological features, evaluation of the effect of geomorphological, geological, climatic, hydrological and soil cultivation area on the increase or decrease, as well as geomorphological processes Qorveh and its relationship with cultivated land use and agricultural plain zoning and mapping of it. Qorveh county length and width 47°38'9" & 35°16'5" longitude, an area of ​​2480  is dedicated. The city is located in the south-eastern province of North Bijar, from East to Hamadan from the south to Kermanshah and Sanandaj is limited to the West.MethodologyAccording to the study, this is the way it works after the data collection, extraction and classification to the analysis of data was discussed that parameters, with expert opinion were scored by ANP and a comparison matrix of SUPER DECISION on the application is run and using fuzzy function optimized in ARC GIS software and using the Raster calculator the fuzzy layers on the final score is multiplied and information layers merged together and the final zoning was done FUZZY ANP method. They plan to use overlay zoning and land development feasibility study is prepared. According to studies conducted in this study geomorphological the study area for zoning appropriate in terms of agriculture as well as the results of classification by using FUZZY ANP in view of local experts is the best place for agricultural northern region compared to the other points of interest have been better.  Results and discussionQorveh range of high altitudes, such as in South Mountain Darvazeh 3162 meters altitude, Ibrahim Attar with a height of 2793 meters and steep valleys such as valley consists of Oriya and Veyhaj that two streams of these valleys and Oriya and Veyhaj shed into plains and it is entered in the northeastern permanent river region Chmshvr. Northern of the region has slowly morphology. Geomorphological feature based on field observations and aerial photographs, elevation profile and slope of the mountains, hills, plains, rivers and hillsides are divided. A large part of the southern surrounded by mountains. Also the central of the studied area covered by the plains and hills scattered. In order to achieve the objectives of the study, data layers (slope, elevation, soil type, geology, land capability, temperature, precipitation, surface water and groundwater quality access) have been studied and analyzed. Water balance of the study area has been investigated then respective map is prepared. For combining layers, with the corresponding parameters of the vector to raster conversion in ARC GIS, the layers were prepared for fuzzy and Fuzzy layers in weight were achieved by the ANP, multiplication and gathered together all the layers and layers of fuzzy merged. As a result of zoning, the area of ​​arable will be 1872/83 kilometer. Also the powers and limitations of the geomorphological and land capability set.ConclusionThe total annual rainfall in the study area equal to 837/6 million cubic meters that the 631/36 million cubic meters of it in the form of actual evapotranspiration and 1/5 million cubic meters of it to form of the evaporation of surface water is out of reach and taking into account the penetration factor and with low levels of domestic and industrial consumption 63/5 million cubic meters of water, renewable as they can be considered annually for agriculture. Based on these findings, the amount of annual renewable water for agriculture can be considered as well as favorable areas for agriculture in terms of geomorphology and land capacity was determined that very effectively help to determine how to cultivate and select the type of product proportional to renewable water and land available.}, keywords = {Development of agricultural land,Fuzzy ANP model,land ability,Qorveh County}, title_fa = {تحلیل تأثیرات ژئومورفولوژی به منظور امکان سنجی توسعه اراضی زراعی از طریق مدل های Fuzzy و ANP ( مورد مطالعه : شهرستان قروه)}, abstract_fa = {هدف از تحقیق حاضر امکان سنجی توسعه‌ی اراضی زراعی با توجه به ویژگی های ژئومورفولوژیکی است. جهت نیل به هدف فوق، لایه‌های اطلاعاتی از قبیل: خاک، تیپ اراضی، زمین شناسی، شیب، ارتفاع، بارش، دما، آبهای سطحی و آبهای زیرزمینی مورد تجزیه و تحلیل قرار گرفته است. سپس با استفاده از این اطلاعات، امکان سنجی توسعه ی اراضی زراعی مورد بررسی قرارگرفت. پارامترهای مورد بررسی، با نظر کارشناس به روش ANP با استفاده از نرم افزار Super Decision جهت ایجاد سوپر ماتریس مقایسه ای، امتیازدهی و با استفاده از تابع فازی در نرم افزارARC GIS فازی سازی شده و لایه‌های اطلاعاتی با هم تلفیق و پهنه‌بندی نهایی به روش FUZZY ANP صورت گرفت تا با استفاده از همپوشانی آن‌ها نقشه ی پهنه‌بندی قابلیت اراضی و امکان سنجی توسعه ی آن تهیه گردد. همچنین از تصاویر ماهواره ای لندست، سنجنده های OLI وETM+ (تاریخ11/08/2016) و تصاویر google earth نیز جهت بررسی کاربری کشاورزی و تهیه نقشه ژئومورفولوژی منطقه استفاده شده است. طبق مطالعات انجام شده در این تحقیق و بررسی های ژئومورفولوژیک مربوط به محدوده ی مطالعاتی بهترین مکان جهت کشاورزی در قسمت های مرکزی منطقه قرار دارد. اما به خاطر عدم دسترسی به آب که اصلی ترین عامل محدود کننده میباشد، این مناطق زیر کشت محصولات به‌صورت دیم می‌باشد و از توان خاک جهت بهره وری به‌صورت کامل استفاده نمیشود با بررسی های سابقه‌ی زراعت در محدوده ی مطالعاتی، و مقایسه با نتایج حاصل از پهنه‌بندی، 93/909 کیلومتر مربع از مساحت محدوده ی مطالعاتی جهت کشت کاملا مناسب تعیین گردید. }, keywords_fa = {توسعه ی اراضی‌زراعی,مدلFuzzy ANP,قابلیت اراضی,شهرستان‌قروه}, url = {https://www.geomorphologyjournal.ir/article_106429.html}, eprint = {https://www.geomorphologyjournal.ir/article_106429_c31c9e7294265ab47758bfaad2de4c0e.pdf} } @article { author = {Sharifi Paichoon, Mohamad and Ghafarian, Hamid Reza and Miri, Zeynab}, title = {Study of elevation changes of Rig-e-Zarrin using time series of satellite images (during 1977-2016)}, journal = {Quantitative Geomorphological Research}, volume = {8}, number = {4}, pages = {192-206}, year = {2020}, publisher = {Iranian Association of Geomorphology}, issn = {22519424}, eissn = {}, doi = {10.22034/gmpj.2020.106430}, abstract = {IntroductionSand dunes as one of the most dynamic geomorphic features of the Earth's surface are directionally and spatially influenced by wind. Sand dunes also have a dramatic effect on the economies, communities and the fragile ecosystems of dry and desert areas. Therefore, the formation, transformation and displacement of these hills as well as the way they change, plays a vital role in understanding the environmental changes in these areas.The purpose of this study was to investigate the altitude fluctuations of the sand dune of Rige-Zarrin, one of the most significant sand dunes of Central Iran, during the period of 40 years by designing two questions as: whether the height of sand dune was changed and if so, where did these altitudinal changes take place? Rige-Zarrin is extended from 54 ˚ 38' to 55 ˚ 04' E and 32 ˚ 54' to 33 ˚ 36' N and located at 40 km of Bafq Desert (Dre - Anjir) to the Northwest, Saghand village to the Northwest and Bayazeh village to the South. This area is lies inside a plat surrounded by four hills with the highest ones in the southeast (3000 meters). The area of the Rige-Zarrin is about 460 Km2 and its length is about 60 km.MethodologyTo determine the height and area of the Rige-Zarrin, the topography map with 1: 50000 scale, the DEM of study area, the Landsat TM satellite image, and the Google Earth software were used. The time series satellite imageries from 1977 to 2017 obtained from Google Earth (stored as KMZ files) were transferred to the Global Mapper software. The files were converted into DEM maps with a spatial resolution of 30 m. Z profile (height changes during time for each pixel) was determined by stacking all output images (1977, 1987, 1993, 1998, 2002, 2008, 2013, and 2017 years) in ENVI software. To do so, 9 points were randomly selected along with a cross-sectional profile from the North-West to the South-East and in the middle parts of study area with relatively regular space and specific geographic coordinates. Then, the height of each point were calculated during all the mentioned years using ENVI software. In the next step, the variations of height versus time (during years) for those points were drowned. Then, using the Excel software, the linear gradient graph for the elevation profiles was plotted for the points in the cross-sectional profile as well as for each point in different time.Results and discussionThe results of this study showed that, in average, the height of the Rige-Zarrin has increased in the Western and Northwest parts and decreased in the East and Southeast parts. The lowest and highest altitude were seen in the Northwest and the Western part of study area with about 900 m and 1150 m height, respectively. Thus, the difference in elevation along its longitudinal profile is more than 250 meters. Based on the plotted height profiles, point 1 and the point 9 have the lowest and highest elevation, respectively. Nevertheless, in the middle parts of all height profiles, a natural drop occurs, which amounts to more than 30 m. The reason is the topographical planar fracture of the beneath infrastructure, where the lowest section of the Rige-Zarrin is located. But the highest peak is located in the southeast, where high sandy hermits have been created at the intersection and convergence of winds. The final results showed that the elevation has increased in all part of study area. While the westernmost and easternmost part of the Rige-Zarrin has experienced an increase of less than one meter over a period of 40 years; the middle sections have risen above 4 meters. Thus, it was observed that sand sedimentary materials move eastward under the influence of regional dominant winds and accumulate in the middle sections. The presence of sedimentary materials in the flange cones of the amplitude Mountains and the existence of regional and local winds are the main cause of the height increment of the Rige-Zarrin.ConclusionThe main results indicate elevation changes in all parts of the study area. But these changes have varied widely over the years and in different parts of the Rige-Zarrin. In the middle part of the study area, the hills have risen above 8 m in the range of less than 10 years. Accordingly, the maximum altitudes and elevation change of the hills occurred between 1977-1987, 1987-1993, 1998-2002 and 2008-2013. Observations showed that the altitudinal fluctuations of the hills were affected by soil humidity, as the higher sand migration has accrued during dry years and vis versa. The final results showed that the Rige-Zarrin is influenced by the dominant regional winds (Northwest-Southeast) moving toward East and South-East, but converging winds cause local reciprocal formation in sandy hermits and, due to the continuity of these winds, the size and height of sand dunes of the central parts of the Rige-Zarrin have been increased. However, the height of the middle sections of the Rige-Zarrin increased with a steeper gradient and less fluctuation. The reason is also the local convergent winds that crossed this section}, keywords = {Rig-e- Zarrin,Elevation changes,time series,sand dunes,dry region}, title_fa = {بررسی تغییرات ارتفاعی ریگ زرین با استفاده از سری های زمانی تصاویر ماهواره ای (طی دوره 1977-2017 )}, abstract_fa = {تپه‌های ماسه‌ای به عنوان مهمترین برآیند فرایندهای بادی مناطق خشک و نیمه‌خشک، همواره در حال حرکت و جابجایی هستند که مقدار حرکت آنها تحت تأثیر پارمترهایی چون جهت و شدت باد، توپوگرافی محل، رطوبت منطقه، پوشش‌گیاهی، مواد رسوبی در دسترس، توپوگرافی و در عصر حاضر عملکردهای انسانی می‌باشد. هدف این پژوهش، بررسی تغییرات ارتفاعی تپه‌های ماسه‌ای ریگ زرین طی بازه زمانی 40 ساله است. برای انجام این پژوهش از سری‌های زمانی تصاویر لندست TM و ETM، نقشه رقومی ارتفاعی و تصاویر گوگل ارث استفاده شد. بررسیها نشان داد که از 1977 تا حال حاضر ریگ زرین افزایش ارتفاع داشته است. میانگین بیشترین تغییرات ارتفاعی در بخشهای میانی ریگ زرین صورت گرفته که حدود 4 متر بوده است. اما بخش‌های ابتدایی و انتهایی ریگ زرین حدود 1متر افزایش ارتفاع پیدا کرده است. همچنین، مقدار تغییرات ارتفاعی ریگ در طول دوره آماری مورد بررسی با نوسانات زیادی همراه بوده است. در برخی نقاط میانی تپه‌ها در حدود 8متر در گستره زمانی کمتر از 10 سال افزایش ارتفاع داشته است. بر این اساس، حداکثر ارتفاع و افزایش ارتفاعی تپه‌ها بین سالهای 1977-1987 صورت گرفته و طی بازه های زمانی 1987-1993 و 1998-2002 و همچنین 2008-2013 از ارتفاع تپه‌ها کاسته شده است. نتایج نهایی نشان داد که ریگ زرین تحت تاثیر بادهای غالب منطقه‌ای (شمال‌غرب-جنوب‌شرق) در حال حرکت به سمت شرق و جنوب شرق است؛ اما بادهای همگرا و متقابل محلی سبب شکل‌گیری هرم‌های ماسه‌ای شده و به دلیل تداوم این بادها بر حجم و ارتفاع تپه‌های ماسه‌ای بخش‌های مرکزی ریگ افزوده شده است.}, keywords_fa = {ریگ زرین,تغییرات ارتفاعی,سری زمانی,تپه ماسه‌ای,مناطق خشک}, url = {https://www.geomorphologyjournal.ir/article_106430.html}, eprint = {https://www.geomorphologyjournal.ir/article_106430_a9dfe5ffbd0510ff0e0e3678402e9301.pdf} } @article { author = {Ghasemi, Afshan and sarvati, mohammad reza and Bahrami, Shahram and Rahimzade, Bhman}, title = {Evaluation of Salt Diapir Activity in Larestan Region Using From tectonic indices and SBAS time series method}, journal = {Quantitative Geomorphological Research}, volume = {8}, number = {4}, pages = {207-220}, year = {2020}, publisher = {Iranian Association of Geomorphology}, issn = {22519424}, eissn = {}, doi = {10.22034/gmpj.2020.106431}, abstract = {IntroductionTectonic geomorphology studies the dynamic and dynamic processes involved in shaping the present landscape. In recent years, tectonic geomorphology has been remarkably one of the major and effective tools in detecting active tectonic shapes and seismic hazard maps as well as understanding and understanding the history of the present Earth's surface measurements. Today, tectonics has proven to be an effective application in geomorphological knowledge. Quantitative measurement of landforms allows geomorphologists to investigate the role of active tectonics in landscape deformation. Tectonic geomorphology studies the landforms created by tectonic activity. Quantitative investigation of tectonically active landforms is a very useful tool in reconstructing tectonic history and understanding the evolution of landforms. To study the gradual effects of tectonics over thousands of years, one has to examine the morphological effects that have preserved them. One of the effects that responds to tectonic changes is salt diapir whose form of quantitative features can be influenced by active tectonics. The aim of this study was to identify salt diapir in Fars province and evaluate their activity using different indices. Then, using radar images and radar interferometry, the magnitude of the diapir was increased. Calculate salt and compare it with the results of tectonic indices.Materials and MethodsThis research is based on descriptive-analytical methods. The research data included 1:50000 topographic maps, 1: 100000 geological maps, 30 meters DEM SRTM , Sentinel satellite radar images, and salt diapir morphometric information through field surveys and Google imagery. Research tools include GMT software to map area displacement, ARCGIS to map, Google Inheritance to assess area status, as well as 9 indicators to evaluate salt diapir activity status. The method used in this study is to first use 9 indices Circularity (C), Elevation Index (Bh), Elongation Index (Bs), Hypsometric Integral Index (Hi) and Area Under Hypsometric Curve (y), Branch Ratio Index (BR), Average Class 1 Waterway Index (LN1), Drainage density index (Dd) and waterway frequency index (Fs) The activity status of the salt diapir is investigated and then calculated using the SBAS method of vertical displacement. After calculating different indices to evaluate the activity status of salt diapir and also preparing the vertical displacement rate map, in this step, the relationship between indices and the displacement rate map of the region is discussed.Discussion and resultsIn this study, tectonic status of salt diapir was evaluated using different indices. Since the tectonic status of each diapir was different for different indices, salt diapir were rated for each index in order to evaluate the overall diapir for all indices, In fact, scoring has been relative, and given that the diapir has been evaluated in this study, each diapir has a score of 1 to 11 in terms of tectonic status. Evaluation results show that Chalal Salt diapir with average of 7.11, Benako with 6.55 and Aliabad with 6.44 of each index have the highest score and are considered as the most active diapir Salt diapir of Pyramid with average of 5 depleted with 5.22and Nina with 5.44 points are considered as diapir with low tectonic activity. After calculating the indices, the vertical displacement rate of the region was estimated using SBAS time series method. The results indicate that the range of studies over the 2-year period has shifted from -153 to 93 mm. This indicates that the area had a maximum subsidence of 153 mm during the period studied and a maximum of 93 mm uplift.ConclusionAccording to the results obtained by calculating the indices, among the salt diapir, the salt pomegranate has the lowest activity and, as a result of the SBAS method, it is in the area without uplift and subsidence, Corresponds to the results of the indices. But some salt diapir, such as the Chehal Diapir, are considered to be the most active in terms of indicators, While the map shows the extent of displacement in areas without uplift and even subsidence, this indicates the impact of various factors such as groundwater loss, erosion, and etc. In view of the above, it can be said that the study area is affected by salt formations, and in some areas it has been up to 93 mm over the course of 2 years, But due to various factors such as groundwater loss in the southern part of the range, the area has been subdued, so it can be said that the vertical displacement of the area in addition to the salt formations that caused the uplift, groundwater loss and tectonic factors Caused the collapse of the region.Keywords: Salt diapir, Tectonic indices, SBAS, Larestan}, keywords = {salt diapir,Tectonic indices,SBAS,Larestan}, title_fa = {ارزیابی میزان فعالیت گنبدهای نمکی منطقه لارستان با استفاده از شاخص های تکتونیکی و روش سری زمانیSBAS}, abstract_fa = {گنبدهای نمکی بعنوان یکی از رخدادهای مهم زمین ریخت شناسی ضمن بالاآمدن با حوادث مهمی همراه هستند که مطالعه آن‌ها می‌تواند در درک رخدادهای مانند دیاپیریسم، عملکرد ساختاری، تشکیل مخروط افکنه‌ها مارا یاری دهد. علاوه بر این، گنبدها دارای اهمیت‌های مختلف اقتصادی، گردشگری، علمی و ... هستند که ارزیابی فعالیت‌های آن‌ها در برنامه-ریزی‌ها و فعالیت‌های مختلف علمی بسیار حائز اهمیت است. در این تحقیق پس از شناسایی و مورفومتری گنبدهای نمکی منطقه لارستان، با استفاده از ۹ شاخص دایره‌واری (C)، شاخص برافراشتگی (Bh)، شاخص کشیدگی (Bs)، شاخص انتگرال هیپسومتری (Hi) و مساحت زیر منحنی هیپسومتری (y)، شاخص نسبت انشعاب (BR)، شاخص میانگین طول آبراهه درجه 1 (LN1)، شاخص تراکم زهکشی (Dd) و شاخص فرکانس آبراهه (Fs) به ارزیابی وضعیت فعالیت گنبد‌ها پرداخته شده است و سپس با استفاده از ۲۷ تصویر راداری (از تاریخ ۱۴/۱۰/۲۰۱۴ تا ۲۷/۱۰/۲۰۱۶) و روش سری زمانی SBAS، میزان جابجایی عمودی منطقه محاسبه شده است. نتایج حاصله بیانگر این است که در میزان جابجایی عمودی منطقه علاوه بر حرکت گنبدهای نمکی، عوامل تکتونیکی، ‌فرسایش و فرونشست نیز تاثیرگذار بوده است. در واقع نتایج محاسبه شاخص‌ها حاکی از فعال بودن برخی از گنبدهای نمکی است و نتایج حاصل از روش سری زمانی SBAS‌ نیز بیانگر جابجایی عمودی منطقه و فعال بودن منطقه از نظر تکتونیکی است. اما با توجه به اینکه بعضی از گنبدها نمکی از جمله گنبد چهال که در محاسبه شاخص‌ها دارای امتیاز بالایی بوده ولی در نتیجه حاصله از طریق سری زمانی SBAS‌ در محدوده فرونشست قرار داشته است،}, keywords_fa = {گنبدهای نمکی,شاخص‌های تکتونیکی,SBAS,لارستان}, url = {https://www.geomorphologyjournal.ir/article_106431.html}, eprint = {https://www.geomorphologyjournal.ir/article_106431_67fd6c9e37a6c015647a7fb1e3e8ed60.pdf} }