انجمن ایرانی ژئومورفولوژی پژوهشهای ژئومورفولوژی کمّی 22519424 13 4 2025 03 21 Hydromorphological changes of the Cheshmeh Ali Damghan River between 1961 and 2023 تغییرات هیدرومورفولوژیک رودخانه چشمه علی دامغان در بازه زمانی 1961 تا 2023 1 22 214613 10.22034/gmpj.2025.489213.1535 FA محمد مهدی حسین زاده دانشیار، دانشکده علوم زمین، دانشگاه شهید بهشتی، تهران. شهرام بهرامی دانشیار، دانشکده علوم زمین، دانشگاه شهید بهشتی، تهران. پگاه بابایی کارشناسی ارشد ژئومورفولوژی، دانشکده علوم زمین، دانشگاه شهید بهشتی، تهران. Journal Article 2024 11 16 Introduction River pattern changes are one of the most important river engineering issues that affect construction activities and structures on the banks of rivers. It is important to study the morphological changes of river channels in order to find appropriate control strategies to solve the dynamic problems of these areas. In recent years, changes in river systems have increased the environmental damage caused by river processes in many countries and have attracted the attention and sensitivity of managers, although change is an integral part of all river systems. Studying the patterns of rivers is essential to understand the current conditions and the potential for their possible changes in the future, and only in this way can their natural response to natural or human changes be detected, the rate of displacement, changes in their dimensions and patterns. Therefore, the aim of this research was to investigate the morphological changes and dynamics of the channel over the last 60 years and the relationship between the geological characteristics of the region and changes in the planform of the Cheshmeh Ali Damghan River. Methodology Astana watershed is located in the northern part of Semnan province. The study area in this study is the Cheshme Ali River, which is formed by the confluence of the Astaneh and Damghanroud rivers and the outflow from the Cheshme Ali spring at the village of Ahwano. This river has a permanent flow and has a general flow direction from northeast to southwest until it reaches the Damghan reservoir dam at the end of the study reach. The purpose of analyzing the course of the river in the studied area from Ali Spring to Shahid Shahcheraghi Dam, 10 km long, is to separate 7 separate reachs, and further, the changes of the channel planform and its changes based on the area of the channel in different years, as well as the dynamics of the channel in different time intervals for each of the reachs of the river was calculated. Results and Discussion Morphological Changes: The analysis reveals significant changes in channel morphology across different river reachs. Reach 1: There was an increase in channel width and length due to increased curvature until 2003, followed by a notable reduction in the area of the channel platform from 31,649 km² in 1961 to 17,504 km² in 2013. This trend continued with further reductions observed in 2023. Reach2: A similar pattern was noted, with a drastic decrease in channel area from 29,478 km² in 2003 to 4,272 km². The data suggest that reduced curvature and channel width contributed to these changes. Reach 3: Initially, there was an increase in channel area until 2003, followed by a significant decrease by 2013. However, some recovery was noted by 2023. Reachs 4 to 7: These segments exhibited varying degrees of morphological change, generally characterized by reductions in channel area and width over time. Hydrological Dynamics: The study also examined channel dynamics through the calculation of channel mobility across different timeframes. The highest mobility was observed between 2003 and 2013, particularly in Segment 7, which indicated a mobility value of 0.65. This suggests that this segment experienced significant morphological adjustments during this period. In contrast, Segment 1 demonstrated the least mobility (0.27), indicating more stable conditions compared to other segments. Geological Influences: The geological composition of the study area plays a crucial role in shaping the river's morphology. Dominant geological formations include Quaternary deposits and Jurassic rocks across various segments. The lithological characteristics influence erosion rates and sediment transport, which are critical for understanding river dynamics. The variability in geological formations correlates with observed morphological changes, suggesting that geological stability or instability can significantly affect river behavior over time. Conclusion The findings highlight a clear trend of morphological change and hydrological dynamics within the studied river system over the past six decades. The reduction in channel area across multiple reachs indicates potential environmental stressors affecting river stability, such as anthropogenic impacts or Topographical features dominate the changes in slope and channel position due to channel restrictions. Significant reductions in channel area and width indicate a trend towards more stable yet potentially less diverse river habitats. Increased mobility and activity channel in certain reachs suggests active geomorphic processes that may be driven by external factors such as land use changes or climate impacts. Geological factors play a vital role in influencing both the physical characteristics and the dynamic behavior of the river. Also, changes in the channel planform and the surface occupied by the river have been different in different reachs and at different time intervals. تغییرات الگوی رودخانه، یکی از مهمترین مسائل مهندسی رودخانه است که فعالیت‌ها و سازه‌های عمرانی را در حاشیه رودخانه‌‌ها تحت تأثیر قرار می‌دهد. محدوده مورد مطالعه در این پژوهش رودخانه چشمه علی است که از الحاق جریان رودخانه های آستانه و دامغانرود و جریان خروجی از مظهر چشمه علی در محل روستای آهوانو شکل می گیرد. محدوده مورد مطالعه به طول 10 کیلومتر به 7 بازه مجزا تفکیک گردید. در ادامه تغییرات پلاتفرم کانال و تغییرات آن براساس مساحت کانال در سال های مختلف همچنین پویایی کانال در بازه های مختلف زمانی مطالعه شد. در این پژوهش تاثیرات ویژگی های زمین شناسی بر مورفولوژی رودخانه برای هریک از بازه‌ها مورد تحلیل قرار گرفت. نتایج بررسی پویایی کانال نشان داد که بیشترین جابجایی جانبی در سالهای 2003 و 2013 رخ داده است. همچنین بیشترین جابجایی جانبی در بازه 7 به میزان 65/0 متر در سال و در مقابل، بازه 1 کمترین جابجایی جانبی به میزان 27/0 متر در سال رخ داده است. در واقع بازه 1 پایدارتر از بازه 7 بوده است. تنوع در سازندهای زمین شناسی در دو طرف رودخانه با تغییرات مورفولوژیکی مشاهده شده مرتبط است، و نشان می دهد که تفاوت سازندهای زمین شناسی می تواند به طور قابل توجهی بر رفتار رودخانه و پایداری در طول زمان تأثیر بگذارد. یافته‌ها روند واضحی از تغییرات مورفولوژیکی و هیدرولوژیکی در سیستم رودخانه در شش دهه گذشته را نشان می‌دهد. کاهش مساحت کانال در چندین بازه نشان‌دهنده عوامل تنش‌زای محیطی بالقوه مؤثر بر پایداری رودخانه شامل اثرات انسانی یا ویژگی های توپوگرافی در غالب تغییرات شیب، موقعیت کانال از جهت محدودیت کانال و ویژگی های زمین شناسی بوده است. کاهش قابل توجه در مساحت و عرض کانال نشان دهنده گرایش به سوی زیستگاه های رودخانه ای با ثبات تر و بالقوه با تغییرات کمتر است.

https://www.geomorphologyjournal.ir/article_214613_c6ca44fc014327743f2fdb901bb46d19.pdf

انجمن ایرانی ژئومورفولوژی پژوهشهای ژئومورفولوژی کمّی 22519424 13 4 2025 03 21 flood flow zoning for different return periods using hydrodynamic model HEC-RAS (Case Study: Gomanab Chai River) پهنه بندی جریان سیلاب برای دوره های بازگشت مختلف با استفاده از مدل هیدرودینامیکی HEC-RAS (مطالعه موردی: رودخانه گمناب چای ) 23 36 212022 10.22034/gmpj.2024.480574.1523 FA محمد حسین رضائی مقدم استاد گروه ژئومورفولوژی، دانشکده برنامه ریزی و علوم محیطی ، دانشگاه تبریز. 0000-0003-2626-4656 داود مختاری استاد گروه ژئومورفولوژی، دانشکده برنامه ریزی و علوم محیطی ، دانشگاه تبریز. 0000-0001-5940-2002 توحید رحیم پور دانشجوی پسا دکتری ژئومورفولوژی، دانشکده برنامه ریزی و علوم محیطی ، دانشگاه تبریز. 0000-0002-4034-8971 میثم اسکندری دانشجوی پسا دکتری ژئومورفولوژی، دانشکده برنامه ریزی و علوم محیطی ، دانشگاه تبریز. 0009-0001-9110-5515 Journal Article 2024 09 27 Extended Abstract Introduction Floods occur as a result of rapid population growth, land destruction, and climate changes and cause harmful damages to people and property. These damages can be minimized by flood risk measures and zoning. One of these measures is to identify flood risk areas. Therefore, this study was conducted in order to map the flood inundation areas along the Gomanabchai River using GIS and HEC_RAS. Flood zoning is used to identify areas of a river during a flood stage that exceed the river reach and are susceptible to flooding. Considering the location of the highway under construction in Tabriz, Armenia, which runs parallel to the main river in most parts, as well as the development of villa and tourism areas and the administrative and residential areas of Tabriz airport, it is necessary to study the flood plains and land use changes and the hydrological characteristics of the area. Methodology This study was conducted in the Gomanab Chai River, which originates from the watershed with the same name. This river drains the northwestern lands of Tabriz, east of Anakhatun to the villages of Spiran, Gomanaj, Nusrat Abad, Kaznaq, and Oli Kandi. this basin is in terms of political and geographical location in East Azarbaijan province and in the northwest of Iran between the coordinates of 38 ′58 ′06 ′ to 38 ′ 28 ′ north latitude and 12 ′15 ′ 46 to 02 ′28 °46 east longitude is located. The area of the basin is about 420 square kilometers. The average height of this area is 1750 meters above sea level. The annual temperature ranges from -5 to 25 degrees Celsius with an average of 11 degrees Celsius. The main slope classes are 0-8% (10% of the total area) and 8-19% (18% of the total area). The climate of the region is semi-arid according to Dumarten's climate classification. And its average annual rainfall is about 300 mm (General Meteorology Department of East Azarbaijan province), the maximum amount of which occurs in spring and about 100 mm in winter. The maximum height of the region is 2827 meters in the northern heights of the region and the minimum height is 1352 meters at the outlet of the basin. Gomanab Chai catchment area is one of the sub-basins of Urmia lake catchment area. Results and Discussion According to the simulation of Gomanab Chai river flood using HEC-RAS hydraulic model, it was concluded that the spatial variability of flood risk along this river is somewhat high. This variability originates from the variable geomorphological conditions along the river. The results showed that floods with a return period of two and five years do not pose a serious risk to the communities and human facilities living near the Gomanabchai River and mainly affect the agricultural lands along the river. With the increase of flood return periods, the risk of floods will also increase. The increase in the area of the flood zones of the river up to the return period of 100 years is more intense than in the higher return periods. Also, the output of the spatial distribution of simulated floods shows that in the event of floods with return periods of 100 and 200 years, the residential and industrial areas on the outskirts of Anakhatun village will be exposed to flood risk. The study of floods of Gomanabchai river was investigated in an interval of about 4800 meters. From the point of view of geomorphology, this part can be classified as a part of the head plain and the junction of the plain and the mountains. Upon entering the plain, the waterway network quickly spreads to a divergent state in the plain. The comparison of floods recorded in Anakhaton hydrometric station with the results of simulated floods with different return periods in the HEC-RAS model and its spatial distribution in the GIS environment shows the high compatibility of the two with each other, which indicates the high accuracy of the simulated floods. It shows by this model. Conclusion Gomanab River is one of the seasonal rivers located in the northwest of Tabriz city, which is prone to large floods in recent years due to the change of land use and the indiscriminate grazing of pastures. In this research, the floods of Gomnab Chai river were investigated and analyzed using HEC-RAS hydraulic model and in GIS environment, and the spatial distribution of these floods was simulated by considering the return period of floods. Considering the encroachment and occupation of the river bed and privacy by villa builders and small industries and workshops, the management of the floodplain and the liberation of the lands around the river should be on the agenda of the trustees. In this research, the studied area with a length of about 5 kilometers was studied. During the field studies, occupations of the bed area and boundary of Gomnab Chai river caused the narrowing of the river channel and the risk of flooding will increase in the future. The analysis performed with HEC-RAS software showed that with a flood with a return period of 2, 5, 10, 25, 50, 100, 200 and 500 years, respectively, about 80, 100, 120, 149, 174, 191, 210 and 226 hectares of fertile lands of the flood plain will face the risk of flooding. رودخانه‌ها سیستم‌های پویایی هستند که به دلیل بارش‌های سنگین و ناگهانی با افزایش قابل‌توجهی از میزان دبی‌ مواجه شده و حالت سیلابی به خود می‌گیرند. هدف اصلی این پژوهش پهنه‌بندی جریان سیلاب برای دوره‌های بازگشت در طول رودخانه گمناب‌چای به طول تقریبی 5 کیلومتر (از روستای آناخاتون تا تلاقی رودخانه آجی‌چای) است. به همین منظور، از مدل هیدرودینامیکی HEC-RAS استفاده شده است. جهت پهنه‌بندی و تهیه نقشه پهنه‌های سیلابی برای دوره‌های بازگشت 2، 5، 10، 25، 50، 100، 200 و 500 ساله از آمار دبی ایستگاه‌ هیدرومتری آناخاتون استفاده شده و دبی‌های حداکثر برای دوره‌های مذکور با استفاده از نرم‌افزار آماری EasyFit پیش‌بینی شد. لایه‌های مورد نیاز تحقیق جهت پهنه‌بندی سیلاب از قبیل خطوط مرکزی جریان، مقاطع عرضی و سواحل سمت چپ و راست رودخانه با استفاده از الحاقیه HEC-GeoRAS و در محیط نرم‌افزار ArcGIS تهیه شدند. نتایج تحقیق نشان داد که در سیلاب‌های با دوره‌های بازگشت 25، 50، 100 و 500 ساله به ترتیب حدود 150، 175، 190 و 225 هکتار از اراضی محدوده دشت سیلابی دچار آب‌گرفتگی می‌شوند. همچنین نتایج نشان داد که جریان سیلابی در بازه مورد مطالعه در دوره بازگشت‌های مختلف از حداقل 10 متر تا حداکثر 225 متر از کانال اصلی رودخانه خارج شده و وارد محدوده‌ی دشت سیلابی می‌گردد. لذا با توجه به نتایج به دست آمده، ضرورت دارد که اقدامات حفاظتی جهت جلوگیری از وقوع سیلاب در طول مسیر رودخانه از قبیل لایروبی بستر، حفظ حریم بستر رودخانه از تصرف انسان و ایجاد دیوار ساحلی صورت گیرد.

https://www.geomorphologyjournal.ir/article_212022_e3e85bbce7417b363259c1bb15f9459a.pdf

انجمن ایرانی ژئومورفولوژی پژوهشهای ژئومورفولوژی کمّی 22519424 13 4 2025 03 21 Morphometric and Erosion Characteristics of Zagros Folds in Kermanshah province ویژگی های مورفومتریک و فرسایشی چین های زاگرس استان کرمانشاه 37 57 212117 10.22034/gmpj.2024.461835.1506 FA ژیلا ملکی دانشجوی کارشناسی ارشد ژئومورفولوژی، دانشکده ادبیات و علوم انسانی، دانشگاه رازی، کرمانشاه، ایران. ایرج جباری دانشیار گروه جغرافیا ، دانشکده ادبیات و علوم انسانی، دانشگاه رازی، کرمانشاه. Journal Article 2024 06 08 Introduction Folds are geological structures formed by the bending or curving of the Earth's crust due to compressive stress after rock layers have been deposited. These structures rarely remain intact over time, as they are continuously reshaped by tectonic activity and erosion. Rivers, in particular, play a significant role in altering the roughness and form of these folds. Given the critical importance of understanding fold patterns in various geological systems, it is essential to analyze and describe the elements of fold styles as a core component of structural geology studies. Understanding the mechanisms behind folding, the conditions that perpetuate geomorphological changes, and how erosion impacts these structures highlights the significance of this research. In the Zagros region, the relationship between erosion and tectonics remains unclear. Therefore, this study aims to explore this relationship by examining the morphometrics of anticlines and identifying indicators of river activity's impact on the erosion of folded structures in Kermanshah province. The folded Zagros zone in Kermanshah province was selected for this study due to its characteristic northwest-southeast orientation. In this direction, anticlines and synclines feature north-west and south-east plunges, often exposing the Asmari limestone formation. Methodology To achieve the research objectives, the study began by mapping the axes and extents of the anticlines in the study area using 1:100,000 geological maps. The boundaries of the waterway catchment areas on both sides of the anticline ridges were delineated using the Arc Hydro add-on in the ArcGIS environment. Each catchment area was then named and numbered for every anticline. The slope of each catchment area was determined based on geological signs from the 1:100,000 maps and included in the descriptive table of each catchment layer. Following this, the morphometric parameters of the catchment areas were extracted and analyzed. The identified anticlines and their respective parameters were entered into Excel and SPSS for further statistical analysis. Results and Discussion 1. Relationship Between Anticline Area and Erosion: Measurements of the anticlines in Kermanshah province revealed a total area of 6435 square kilometers for 20 anticlines. The smallest anticline covered 21 km², while the largest spanned 2868 km². The analysis indicated that larger anticlines have correspondingly larger catchment basins, suggesting that river erosion occurs in parallel. A paired T-test on the significance of the anticline areas (x̄ = 321 km²) and their eroded areas by catchment basins (x̄ = 297 km²) showed no significant difference, implying that the anticlines have uniformly reacted to erosion. The statistical analysis also revealed that there is no significant relationship between the total surface area of the anticlines and their drainage basins, indicating that the ratio of these areas can reflect differences in erosion levels. By calculating the percentage of the basin area relative to the total anticline area, a ratio was obtained showing the proportion of anticlines protected from erosion. 2. Drainage Patterns on Anticlines: The study identified 4847 catchment areas across 20 Zagros anticlines in Kermanshah. Out of this total, 2302 catchment areas are located on the western banks of anticlines, 2338 on the eastern banks, and 207 related to closes. Rivers have carved out 13443 kilometers of flow paths, with significant differences in river length between the western, eastern, and close ruz. The total length of rivers is 4556 km on the western banks, 3679 km on the eastern banks, and about 3679 km for closes. Statistical tests showed no significant difference between the lengths of ruz on either side of the ridges but highlighted a clear difference between ruz and closes. Closes have caused more significant destruction compared to ruz. 3. Drainage Indicators: Three main characteristics were used to investigate the drainage situation on anticlines: drainage density, river frequency, and drainage texture. Drainage density is calculated from the length of the river divided by the catchment area, providing an index of the degree of cutting in the anticlines. The study found that the average length of streams in the western ruz, eastern ruz, and closes is 2.9 km. This significant difference between closes and ruz can serve as a decision index for distinguishing them in satellite images. A statistical test of variance on the average index of stream length for the western, eastern, and close ruz confirmed no significant difference between ruz on both sides of ridges but a notable difference between ruz and closes. The index of the average length of the catchment area, considered in this research, can better indicate the slowness and depth of the rivers compared to the usual indicators of drainage density and texture. Conclusion 1. All anticlines generally react to erosion in a similar manner, indicating that if the structural formation plays a role in erosion, it is not significant at the scale of the entire anticline. This uniformity suggests that structural influences on erosion are consistent across different anticlines. 2. There is no significant relationship between the total surface area of anticlines and the area of their drainage basins. This lack of correlation means that the ratio of these areas can illustrate the variation in erosion levels among different anticlines. Calculating the percentage of the basin area relative to the total anticline area provides a ratio indicating how much of the anticline is protected from erosion. 3. The study found no significant difference between the lengths of ruz on both sides of ridges. However, there is a clear distinction between ruz and closes, with closes causing significantly more destruction. This difference underscores the impact of river activity on the erosion of folded structures. 4. The index of the average length of the catchment area is a more effective measure of river activity's impact on erosion compared to traditional indicators like drainage density and texture. This index can help identify the slowness and depth of rivers more accurately, providing valuable insights for understanding erosion processes. ناهمواری‌ها همیشه سالم و دست‌نخورده نمی‌مانند و پیکرۀ چین‌خوردگی به‌وسیلۀ عملکرد زمین‌ساخت و فرسایش، تغییر می‌کند. مطالعۀ ساز‌وکار چین‌خوردگی و شرایطی که باعث ایجاد تداوم عوامل ژئومورفولوژی، تغییر ساختمان چین‌ها و نشان‌دادن چگونگی عملکرد فرسایش بر روی این ساختارها، نشان‌دهندۀ مهّم‌بودن این مسئله است. باوجوداین، در زاگرس رابطه‌ای که فرسایش با زمین‌ساخت ایجاد کرده است، مشخص نیست؛ ازاین‌رو در پژوهش حاضر، سعی بر این است که ضمن بررسی مورفومتریک طاق-ها، این ارتباط کشف شود و شاخص‌هایی برای عملکرد رودخانه‌ها در میزان تخریب طاقدیس‌های زاگرس چین‌خوردۀ استان کرمانشاه به‌دست آید. در این پژوهش، زون زاگرس چین‌خورده در استان کرمانشاه انتخاب شده است که جهت‌گیری عمومی آن، شمال غرب - جنوب شرق است. برای جمع‌آوری داده‌ها از DEM 10 متر استان و نقشه 1:100000 زمین‌شناسی برای مشخص-شدن حدود طاق‌ها، تشخیص و ترسیم شبکه آبراهه‌ها، ترسیم محدودۀ حوضه‌های هر آبراهه استفاده شده است. برای تجزیه‌و-تحلیل، از آزمون‌های t جفتی و تیوکی کرامر استفاده شده که در پایان دو شاخص درصد مساحت نسبی حوضه‌ها و شاخص متوسط میانگین طول آبراهه ها به‌دست آمد. نتایج نشان می‌دهد که همۀ طاق‌ها به یک اندازه در برابر فرسایش واکنش نشان داده‌اند و اگر ساختمان نقشی در عملکرد فرسایش داشته است، این نقش دست‌کم در مقیاس کل طاقدیس‌ها معنی‌دار نبوده و در همۀ آن‌ها نقش یکسانی ایفا کرده است.

https://www.geomorphologyjournal.ir/article_212117_fe4fa9d1f5dd6c63123aed36149622e5.pdf

انجمن ایرانی ژئومورفولوژی پژوهشهای ژئومورفولوژی کمّی 22519424 13 4 2025 03 21 Comparative comparison of the performance of CODAS, MABAC algorithms in zoning the risk of land subsidence using environmental indicators (case study: the boundaries of the cities of Alborz province) مقایسه تطبیقی عملکرد الگوریتم های CODAS , MABAC در پهنه بندی خطر فرونشست زمین با بهره گیری از شاخص های زیست محیطی(مطالعه موردی: محدوده حریم شهرهای استان البرز ) 58 81 199305 10.22034/gmpj.2024.458189.1504 FA صیاد اصغری سراسکانرود استاد ژئومورفولوژی، گروه جغرافیای طبیعی، دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی، اردبیل. فریبا اسفندیاری درآباد استاد ژئومورفولوژی، گروه جغرافیای طبیعی، دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی، اردبیل. 0000-0002-6442-7885 مهدی فعال نذیری دانشجوی دکتری ژئومورفولوژی، دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی، اردبیل . بتول زینالی استاد آب و هواشناسی، گروه جغرافیای طبیعی، دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی، اردبیل. Journal Article 2024 05 18 Introduction The solid crust of the earth is not fixed during geological history, but is constantly changing its shape under the influence of internal and external factors. These elevation changes in the form of subsidence and uplift have significantly increased the trend of environmental hazards, and the effect of these hazards causes severe damage to the natural environment and human complications (Zare Kamali et al., 2016) based on the definition of the United States Geological Institute. In America, the phenomenon of land subsidence includes the collapse or downward subsidence of the earth's surface, which can have a small displacement vector and occurs gradually and instantaneously on a large scale (US Geological Survey, 2011). The most important cause of regional subsidence of the earth's surface In the sedimentary basins of arid and semi-arid regions, the compaction of sediments is due to excessive extraction of groundwater resources (Zhou et al., 2015). The phenomenon will be seen more widely and more acutely (Liu et al., 2006). Land subsidence usually occurs with a time delay after the long-term extraction of underground water sources (Scott, 1979). The amount of subsidence depends on the thickness and compressibility of the layer It depends on the length of loading time, degree and type of stress Methodology The current research is of an applied type and its research method is an analysis based on the integration of data analysis, geographic information system and the use of multi-criteria analysis techniques. GIS Arc, Ecognition ENVI, Idrisi and Excel software have been used for image processing and data analysis. In this research, in order to investigate the relationship between the subsidence of the studied area and the condition of underground water resources, the groundwater loss was investigated. In order to zone the risk of subsidence, in the stage of data collection, first the influencing components should be determined and based on them, the required data and information should be collected and classified. For this purpose, in this study, first the effective factors (including: slope, lithology, land use, precipitation, distance from the city and village, distance from the river, distance from the fault and drop in the underground water level), by examining the sample of studies conducted in relation to With the risk of subsidence, which has been done by other researchers and they have stated the effective factors in causing subsidence. Results and Discussion The criteria of water level drop, land use, slope and geology received the most weight and importance and considering that in the weighting of Kartik, the weight of the criteria, according to the criteria maps and the degree of correlation, contrast and the standard deviation between the used information layers is determined, the use of this method in the weighting of the criteria in the current research can solve the problem of the independence of traits from each other, which occurs during pairwise comparisons within the framework of the chain analysis process method. There are hierarchies and process of network analysis to solve. According to the output from the application of the mentioned techniques and finally (Figure 8) the subsidence zoning map with Kodas and Mobak techniques, it can be said that in the Mobak technique, 284.18 square kilometers of the area of the zone are in the very high risk class and 14 223.2 square kilometers is in the high risk class, and in the KODAS technique, 236.09 square kilometers of the range area is in the very high risk class and 512.34 square kilometers is in the high risk class (Tables 7 and 8). A large part of the high-risk and high-risk class in the area of Karaj, Saujblag and Nazarabad cities in terms of the possibility of subsidence in the northern part of the range (Afsharieh, Hakimiyeh, Hamidiyeh and Sohilieh farms), northwest (Lashkar Abad, Qohe and Ramchin, Mohammad Abad Afshar) , Sanqarabad) and the central part (Mehrshahr, Golshahr, Rajaeeshahr, Khorram Dasht and Kamalabad (Kamalshahr)). In addition, according to the zoning map of the subsidence risk potential in the south and southwest part of the area in the urban area of Mahdasht Rashte, Sardar Abad, Ahmed Abad; Meshkin Abad and Abbas Abad, Sardar Abad, Shahrak Ba'ath and Mohammad Abad are numerous. A part of the southeastern part of Karaj Plain, including Amirabad, Kohak, Abu Dhar and Garmdara, and the western part of Nazarabad are also in the high and very high risk category. Conclusion In fact, the obtained results indicate the conformity of the groundwater level drop with the amount of subsidence and in the areas where the water level has dropped the most. According to the results of zoning the risk of sales; The criteria of water level drop, land use, slope and geology are the most important factors involved in creating the risk of subsidence in the study area, with weight coefficients of 0.151, 0.147, 0.43 and 0.136, respectively. Also, using the relative performance detection curve of the ROC chart comparing two techniques, it was observed that the accuracy of the Mabak method in this research is in the very good category and the accuracy of the Kodas method is in the good category. According to the obtained results, it can be said that the most important main factor involved in increasing the amount and potential of subsidence in the study area is the excessive exploitation of underground water and the drop in the water level. یکی از مخاطراتی که طی سال های اخیر در بسیار از مناطق رخ داده، مخاطرات ناشی از فرونشست است . محدوده شهری و مرکزی استان البرز نیز، در طی سال های اخیر با افت شدید سطح آبهای زیرزمینی مواجه بوده که این عامل سبب گردیده تا این منطقه در معرض وقوع مخاطره فرونشست قرار گیرد. هدف این پژوهش بررسی و تحلیل مهمترین عوامل دخیل در ایجاد خطر فرونشست محدوده مرکزی و شهری استان البرز و مشخص کردن سطوح مستعد که احتمالا در آینده درگیر فرونشست خواهند شد، با بهره گیری از الگوریتم های چند معیارهMABAC و CODAS است. ضمنا در بحث پهنه بندی به نقش عوامل محیطی (آب های زیرزمینی، کاربری اراضی، افت آب، سطح آب، عمق آب ...) توجه ویژه ای صورت پذیرفته است. با توجه به نتایج حاصل از پهنه بندی خطر فرونشست؛ معیار های عمق آب ، کاربری اراضی و شیب و زمین شناسی با ضریب وزنی 151/0، 147/0، 43/0 و 136/0 مهم ترین عوامل دخیل در ایجاد خطر فرونشست محدوده مورد مطالعه می باشند.با توجه به نقشه پهنه بندی فرونشست با تکنیک MABAC به ترتیب 18/284 و 14/223کیلومتر مربع و تکنیک CODAS 09/236 و 34/512 کیلومترمربع در طبقه بسیار پرخطر و پرخطر قرار دارد. نتایج اعتبار سنجی نشان داده که الگوریتمMABAC ، با سطح زیر منحنی 891/0، در برآورد حساسیت فرونشست محدوده مورد مطالعه نسبت به الگوریتم CODAS با سطح زیر منحنی 714/0، از صحت بیشتر و در نتیجه قابلیت بالاتری برخوردار است. در نهایت می توان گفت مهمترین عامل اصلی دخیل در افزایش مقدار و پتانسیل فرونشت در محدوده شهری استان البرز، بهره ی بی رویه از آب های زیرزمینی و افت سطح آب است.نتایج مطالعه مدیران سازمانی و برنامه ریزان منابع اراضی و خاک ، در زمینه حفاظت و مدیریت منابع آبی و مخاطرات طبیعی و جلوگیری از تخریب سرزمین کمک شایانی نماید.

https://www.geomorphologyjournal.ir/article_199305_eaf60f6f9ed957c007968ffb2e57f9eb.pdf

انجمن ایرانی ژئومورفولوژی پژوهشهای ژئومورفولوژی کمّی 22519424 13 4 2025 03 21 Morphological changes in alluvial and coastal plains (Case example: Bahmanshir River) تغییرات مورفولوژیکی در دشت آبرفتی و جلگه ساحلی( نمونه موردی: رودخانه بهمنشیر) 82 94 212923 10.22034/gmpj.2025.485368.1528 FA لیلا ابراهیمی استادیار گروه جغرافیا، واحد چالوس، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، چالوس، ایران. مریم ایلانلو استادیار گروه جغرافیا، واحد ماهشهر، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، ماهشهر، ایران. زینب حمید کارشناسی ارشد گروه جغرافیا، واحد ماهشهر، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، ماهشهر، ایران. Journal Article 2024 10 25 Introduction The river system and its environment is one of the most productive areas with various fertile morphological units, including alluvial and coastal plains, which are subject to changes from time to time. An alluvial plain is a large flat land formed by the deposition of sediments over a long period by rivers flowing from the highlands. Due to the fertility of the soil (Sarkar et al., 2022), most of the alluvial plains around the rivers are used for cultivation activities. However, in recent years, the conversion of traditional agricultural land into economic activities has become common around the world. Development activities are a threat to the geomorphic dynamics of the river After reaching Khorramshahr, the Karun River divides into 2 branches, the first branch flows into Arvandrud, then Arvandrud also flows into the Persian Gulf. The second branch forms the Bahmanshir River, which is about 90 kilometers long and carries the water of Karun towards the Persian Gulf. It has been the place of production of the best dates in Iran. In recent years, due to unprincipled dam building, drought and traditional agriculture, and the entry of salty and toxic wastewater from some agricultural fields upstream of Karun, there have been many problems, including the decrease of the water level in Behmanshir and the dominance of sea salt water over the river water level, and as a result The high salinity of this river has a negative impact on agriculture and groves in the region. Due to the sharp decrease in the water entering this river and the decrease in water flow and lack of timely and continuous dredging, the sediments have caused the depth of the river to decrease for several years. Methodology This study has adopted the widely used approach of using temporal satellite images of the region to map morphological landforms and their changes through geospatial techniques. The dynamics of the river bank was studied using the DSAS model to determine the locations of erosion and sedimentation. The morphological features interpreted with details such as geographic locations, unique identifiers, area in square kilometers and landform class were determined and prepared as a spatial database in GIS format. Then, the spatial extent of different classes' characteristics was calculated and the changes in their spatial extents were evaluated for different periods of time by human-caused activities. In this study, transects were considered at every 50-meter distance. Since the meandering of Bahmanshir River is high, close transect distance was considered for better river line change data. The model runs the rate of change of the historical data set from the baseline and provides various parameters such as net shoreline motion (NSM), linear regression rate (LRR) and endpoint rate (EPR). The obtained statistics were calculated for classification of erosion and accretion. Based on this, the erosion and sedimentation and the stable places of the river bank during the studied period were obtained. Changes in the spatial area of the river bank were quantified for further analysis of the study. Results and Discussion The pre-processed satellite images of 1973, 1986, 1999, 2012 and 2024 were classified using maximum likelihood classifier (MLC) and other morphological features were mapped in the alluvial plain and coastal plain around Bahmanshir river. These features include catchments, swamps, raised lands, deltas, salt marshes (active and abandoned), floodplains, and alluvial areas, as shown in Figure 2. The morphological characteristics identified in different time periods in the alluvial and coastal plains of the river have been determined. The total spatial extent of the alluvial plains around Bahmanshir River is about 857.4 square kilometers, as shown by the research. Alluvial plains were mainly used for agricultural lands, settlements, and other natural ecosystems such as salt marshes, mudflats, and morphological features associated with rivers such as floodplains and deltas. Figures 3 and 4 show the disproportionate changes in geomorphological forms and forms in the alluvial and coastal plains of Bahmanshir River in the studied time periods. The rapid conversion of alluvial plains to salt marshes from 3.3% in 2012 to 19.1% in 2024 or 13.5% in 1973 to 27.5% in 1999 is among the notable cases. In all time periods, the swollen lands have the largest area in the region. Conclusion In this study, the changes in the alluvial and coastal plains of Bahmanshir River for the period from 1973 to 2024 have been analyzed using Landsat satellite images in the autumn season. This study showed that both alluvial and coastal geomorphic landforms have changed under the pressure of human activities over the years, especially after 2012. So that the volume of alluvial sediments has increased from 97.3 square kilometers in 1973 to 108.8 square kilometers in 2024. And the volume of flood sediments has increased from 73.7 square kilometers in 1973 to 84.3 square kilometers in 2024. The results of the study showed that the banks of the Bahmanshir River in the alluvial plain have faced significant erosion in recent years due to the increase in agriculture and built-up areas such as settlements and industries. While in the coastal plain, the place of sedimentation has increased significantly in recent years due to the increase in the suspended load of the river and the retreat of the sea water. The erosion/sedimentation situation of the river bank showed that the right bank of Bahmanshir river is significantly eroding due to relatively more human activities than its left bank. Regarding the impact of alluvial and coastal plain changes on nearby villages, the study showed that 4 out of 7 villages have lost their alluvial lands due to human activities with more than 40%. This study is a combination of evaluating morphological changes of fertile landforms caused by human activities, including river bank dynamics. The result of this study can be used as an indicator to evaluate the socio-economic effects of dependent local residents and can also be used as a key input to draw up effective programs to reduce the deformation of river-based fertile lands to ensure their sustainability تتغییرات مورفولوژیکی منتسب به فعالیت‌های انسانی یکی از محرک‌های اساسی تغییرات محیطی در سطوح محلی، منطقه ای و جهانی است. مطالعات مورفولوژی در افزایش درک و نظارت بر تغییرات محیطی حیاتی شده است. از این جنبه، مطالعه حاضر به جزئیات وضعیت مکانی-زمانی جلگه آبرفتی و ساحلی رودخانه بهمنشیر در شهرستان آبادان با استفاده از تصاویر ماهواره‌ای Landsat، LISS III و Sentinel 2A برای سال‌های 1973، 1986، 19۹۹، ۲۰۱۲ و 2024 می‌پردازد. در این مطالعه از سنجش از دور (RS)، سیستم اطلاعات جغرافیایی (GIS) و سیستم تحلیل خط ساحلی دیجیتال (DSAS) برای شناسایی تغییرات مورفولوژیکی و تأثیرات آنها استفاده شده است. تفسیر ویژگی‌های مورفولوژیکی با استفاده از تصاویر ماهواره‌ای زمانی و تکنیک طبقه‌بندی‌کننده حداکثر احتمال (MLC) انجام شده و اثرات آن با روش تحلیل فضایی ArcGIS مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. دینامیک ساحل رودخانه با استفاده از مدل DSAS ارزیابی و کمی‌سازی شد. نتایج مطالعه نشان داد که هر دو لندفرم ژئومورفیک دشت آبرفتی و جلگه ساحلی تحت فشار فعالیت‌های انسانی در طول سال‌ها به‌ویژه پس از سال 2012 تغییر یافته‌اند. به طوری که حجم رسوبات آبرفتی از 97.3 کیلومتر مربع در سال ۱۹۷۳ به 108.8 کیلومتر مربع در سال ۲۰۲۴ رسیده است. از دیگر نتایج تحقیق این می‌باشد که، سواحل رودخانه بهمنشیر در دشت آبرفتی با فرسایش قابل توجه‌ی در سال‌های اخیر به دلیل افزایش زراعت و گسترش سکونتگاه‌ها و صنایع مواجه بوده است در حالی که جلگه ساحلی در سال‌های اخیر به دلیل افزایش بار معلق رودخانه و پسروی آب دریا افزایش چشمگیری داشته است. همچنین مطالعات نشان داد که ۴ مورد از ۷ دهستان مورد مطالعه، بیشتر از 40 درصد آبرفت‌های‌ خود را به دلیل فعالیت‌های انسانی را از دست داده‌اند.

https://www.geomorphologyjournal.ir/article_212923_20516da75ce10d974b526ef07935555e.pdf

انجمن ایرانی ژئومورفولوژی پژوهشهای ژئومورفولوژی کمّی 22519424 13 4 2025 03 21 Assessment of Slope Instability Hazard Potential Using Logistic Regression Model in the Shahrchay Watershed, Urmia ارزیابی پتانسیل خطر ناپایداری‌های دامنه‌ای با استفاده از مدل رگرسیون لجستیک در حوضه آبریز شهرچای ارومیه 95 115 214894 10.22034/gmpj.2025.490123.1536 FA فریبا همتی گروه آموزشی جغرافیا، دانشگاه فرهنگیان، تهران، ایران. 0000-0003-4023-8614 اکرم علیزاده دانشیار، گروه زمین‌شناسی، دانشکده علوم، دانشگاه ارومیه، ارومیه، ایران . 0000-0003-3174-8786 صابر سید احمدی کارشناسی ارشد آزمایشگاه فنی و مکانیک خاک، ماکو، ایران. 0009-0009-5980-1316 Journal Article 2024 11 22 Introduction The present study aims to assess slope instabilities in the Shahrchai Basin of Urmia using the logistic regression model. Slope instabilities are significant natural hazards in mountainous areas, having substantial impacts on human lives and infrastructure. These instabilities can be caused by various factors such as geological conditions, topographic features, climatic changes, and human activities. Specifically, the Shahrchai Basin of Urmia, due to its geographical location and unique characteristics, is prone to slope instabilities. Accurate assessment of these instabilities and identification of high-risk areas are of particular importance for planners and crisis managers. In this study, factors such as elevation, slope, slope aspect, distance from fault lines, distance from rivers, distance from roads, lithology, vegetation cover, and land cover were examined as variables influencing the occurrence of instabilities. The significance of this research lies in its potential to contribute to better identification and management of natural hazards and to reduce the damages caused by them. Additionally, this research can serve as a model for other similar areas and be adapted to the specific conditions of each region. Methodology In the methodology section, after conducting preliminary studies and collecting necessary data from various sources, maps of instability points distribution were prepared using satellite images. Online data included Sentinel-2 and Landsat-9 (2023) satellite images and a Digital Elevation Model (DEM) with a 10x10 meter pixel resolution. Geological and topographic maps were also obtained from institutional sources. Using GIS tools and data analysis software, maps of slope, slope aspect, distance from faults, rivers, and roads, as well as maps of vegetation cover and land cover, were created. Then, the logistic regression model was applied to these data, and the results were analyzed. For data analysis and preparation of sensitivity maps, various tools in ArcGIS and IDRISI software were used. Slope and slope aspect maps were extracted from the DEM, and maps of distance from faults, rivers, and roads were created using the Euclidean Distance tool in GIS software. Moreover, vegetation cover maps were prepared using the NDVI index and satellite data. Finally, by inputting all data into the logistic regression model, the final analysis was conducted, and results were obtained. Findings and Discussion The results of the logistic regression model indicated that variables such as distance from roads, slope aspect, distance from faults, and vegetation cover have a positive and direct relationship with instabilities and were identified as the most significant influencing factors. The logistic regression equation based on the obtained coefficients showed a significant relationship between independent and dependent variables. The sensitivity zoning maps of the area demonstrated that areas with very high risk occupied the smallest percentage of the total area. The analysis of the coefficients obtained from the logistic regression model showed that reducing the distance from roads and faults, increasing the southward slope aspect, and decreasing vegetation cover significantly increase the risk of instabilities. For preparing sensitivity maps, various classes of slope, slope aspect, elevation, and other factors were precisely analyzed. The results showed that instabilities occur more frequently in areas with slopes of 5 to 20 percent and in south and southeast directions. Additionally, instabilities were more observed within 0 to 1000 meters from faults and in areas with poor vegetation cover. Conclusion This research aims to assess the potential risk of slope instabilities in the Shaharchay watershed of Urmia using a logistic regression model. The results indicate that the logistic regression model is highly accurate in identifying the factors influencing slope instabilities and in producing susceptibility maps for the area. The analysis of the relationship between various factors and the occurrence of instabilities shows that distance from roads, slope direction, distance from faults, and vegetation cover are the most significant factors contributing to increased likelihood of instabilities. The probability of ground instabilities near roads is elevated due to human activities, soil weakening, and construction operations. Slope direction plays a crucial role in land stability by affecting factors such as water saturation, soil erosion, and solar radiation intensity. Proximity to faults increases the risk of instabilities due to tectonic activities and geological changes. Furthermore, vegetation cover acts as a stabilizing factor, playing a vital role in reducing erosion and preventing landslides; its absence can significantly increase the risk of instability. Statistical indices used in this study, such as ROC, Pseudo R Square, and Chi Square, confirm the validity and accuracy of the proposed model. The high Chi Square value and appropriate Pseudo R Square value indicate a good fit and high predictive power of the model. Additionally, the high ROC value (0.9223) demonstrates a strong correlation between the independent and dependent variables in the model. The produced zonation maps indicate the distribution of areas with varying sensitivities to slope instabilities. These maps accurately identify high-risk areas and can greatly assist planners and crisis managers in making effective decisions to mitigate risks and improve natural resource management. The findings of this research can serve as an effective tool for crisis management and reducing damages caused by slope instabilities in the Shaharchay watershed of Urmia. It is recommended that planners and local managers utilize these findings to develop and implement preventive policies and programs. Moreover, this study demonstrates that logistic regression can be an efficient tool for analyzing and predicting slope instabilities in similar areas. ناپایداری‌های دامنه‌ای یکی از مخاطرات طبیعی مهم در مناطق کوهستانی است که می‌تواند تأثیرات قابل توجهی بر زندگی انسان‌ها و زیرساخت‌ها داشته باشد. ارزیابی دقیق این ناپایداری‌ها و شناسایی مناطق پرخطر از اهمیت ویژه‌ای برخوردار است. مدل‌های پیش‌بینی، نظیر رگرسیون لجستیک، می‌توانند به شناسایی عوامل مؤثر بر ناپایداری‌ها و تهیه نقشه‌های حساسیت کمک کنند. در این راستا، مطالعه حاضر با هدف ارزیابی پتانسیل خطر ناپایداری‌های دامنه‌ای در حوضه آبریز شهرچای ارومیه با استفاده از مدل رگرسیون لجستیک انجام شده است. در این پژوهش، از تصاویر ماهواره‌ای لندست 2023 برای شناسایی نقاط ناپایدار استفاده شد و عوامل مؤثر بر وقوع ناپایداری‌های دامنه‌ای، همچون ارتفاع، شیب، فاصله از گسل، فاصله از رودخانه، لیتولوژی، پوشش گیاهی و پوشش زمین، مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. نتایج حاصل از مدل رگرسیون لجستیک نشان داد که متغیرهای فاصله از جاده، جهت شیب، فاصله از گسل و نوع پوشش گیاهی از مهم‌ترین عوامل مؤثر در افزایش احتمال وقوع ناپایداری‌ها هستند. شاخص‌های آماری ROC، Pseudo R Square و Chi Square دقت و اعتبار بالای مدل را تأیید کردند. نقشه‌های پهنه‌بندی تهیه‌شده، مناطق با حساسیت‌های مختلف به ناپایداری‌های دامنه‌ای را شناسایی کرده و نتایج به‌دست‌آمده از مدل با داده‌های میدانی تطابق قابل‌توجهی نشان دادند. نتایج این پژوهش نشان داد که در حوضه آبریز شهرچای ارومیه، ناپایداری‌های دامنه‌ای عمدتاً شامل لغزش‌های سطحی و ریزش سنگ هستند که بیشترین رخداد را داشته‌اند. این امر به‌طور خاص در مناطقی با شیب‌های تند، نزدیکی به گسل‌ها و جاده‌ها، و در مناطق فاقد پوشش گیاهی مشاهده شد. مدل رگرسیون لجستیک به خوبی توانست عوامل مؤثر بر وقوع این ناپایداری‌ها را شناسایی کند و با تهیه نقشه‌های حساسیت، پهنه‌های پرخطر را برجسته سازد. از این‌رو، این مدل می‌تواند به عنوان یک ابزار تصمیم‌گیری مؤثر برای مدیریت مخاطرات طبیعی و کاهش خطرات ناشی از ناپایداری‌های دامنه‌ای در این حوضه و سایر مناطق مشابه مورد استفاده قرار گیرد.

https://www.geomorphologyjournal.ir/article_214894_b83fca2fc9ca601f115031fb1387e91e.pdf

انجمن ایرانی ژئومورفولوژی پژوهشهای ژئومورفولوژی کمّی 22519424 13 4 2025 03 21 Flood susceptibility prediction and zoning using maximum entropy model in Ilam province پیش بینی و پهنه بندی حساسیت سیل با استفاده از مدل حداکثر آنتروپی در استان ایلام 116 138 215290 10.22034/gmpj.2025.475889.1520 FA فرزانه غلامی دانشجوی دکتری ژئومورفولوژی، دانشکده جغرافیا و برنامه ریزی، دانشگاه اصفهان. مژگان انتظاری دانشیار گروه جغرافیای طبیعی، دانشکده جغرافیا و برنامه ریزی، دانشگاه اصفهان، اصفهان، ایران. 0000-0003-0014-0209 رضا ذاکری نژاد استادیار گروه سنجش از دور، دانشکده جغرافیا و برنامه ریزی، دانشگاه اصفهان، اصفهان، ایران. حاجی کریمی استاد گروه آبخیزداری، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه ایلام، ایلام، ایران . Journal Article 2024 08 29 Flood is a very common and catastrophic natural phenomenon that occurs on a global scale. The changes in the world's climate have caused an increase in temperature, heavy rains and floods. A flood is described as a natural disaster that results from the excessive accumulation of water in an area, usually from snowmelt, river flooding, heavy rainfall, or other factors that produce a large amount of surface runoff. When this runoff cannot be absorbed and discharged in time, it causes floods and river overflows. Correct assessment of flood risk in rural and mountainous areas is challenging. Because, quantifying flood susceptibility is a complex process. Floods occur not only as a result of excessive rainfall, but also due to the influence of various factors such as hydrological, geological, geomorphological and vegetation parameters. All over the world, natural disasters are a major threat to property and human life. Although it is impossible to prevent natural hazards, their negative impact can be reduced by creating strategies and effective planning. People in developing countries are usually severely affected by these disasters because their economies rely on natural resources. On the other hand, the problems in field investigation and the lack of data and information hinder flood experts and researchers in identifying flood-prone areas and predicting flood phenomena. Methodology Ilam province is in the west of Iran, bordering with Iraq. It covers 2.1 percent of the entire country's area. This province is located at 31 degrees 58 minutes to 34 degrees 15 minutes north latitude and 45 degrees 24 minutes to 48 degrees 10 minutes longitude. It has mountainous and high areas in the eastern and northern areas, and on the other hand, in the western areas bordering with Iraq, the level of unevenness has been reduced, and in the southern and southwestern areas of the province, where plains and plains expand, it borders with Khuzestan province. Most of the urban and rural areas of Ilam, especially the northern areas and the eastern banks of the province, are located on the slopes of mountains and foothills with steep slopes, mostly covered with rocks, and also on the edge of rivers such as Simre, Gavi, Kanjancham, Doiraj, Mime and seasonal rivers with a long estuary and prone to destructive floods. have occurred, this has caused floods such as the floods of 1973-1994, 1997-1998, 1998, 2002, which have destroyed many infrastructures and vital arteries in the province. To carry out this research, first, the flood points of Ilam province were collected from the regional water organization and crisis management of the province. About 148 flood occurrence areas have been recorded, for the training samples a random division approach was used. In the current study, 70% (104) flood points were considered for building the model (training) and the remaining 30% (44 flood points) were used for validation. A total of 14 environmental parameters, including soil texture, rainfall, land cover and land use (LULC), topographic moisture index (TWI), distance from the river, digital elevation model (DEM), normalized different wet index (NDMI), vegetation index Normalized Difference (NDVI), Stream Power Index (SPI), Topographic Roughness Index (TRI), Density Drainage, Slope, Slope Direction, and Curvature were also entered for flood prediction using Maxent model as data. Results and Discussion In the maximum entropy model, the use of environmental parameters is mandatory. All raster layers are converted to ASCII format images in steps (same geographic coordinates, same number of rows and columns, and same pixel size value). Through flood sensitivity classification, it was divided into areas with high, medium and low/no sensitivity. About 2.06% of the studied area is at risk of severe floods, about 4.01% of the studied area is of medium risk, and about 93.93% of the studied area is in the range of low risk or no risk. At the micro level, flood vulnerability assessment for cities and villages in the study area provides a basic insight into local vulnerability. In total, 5 cities (Ilam, Sarablah, Dareh Shahr, Erkwaz and Chavar) and 92 villages are located in the high sensitivity area. The relative influence of each predictor variable on the results of flood sensitivity maps was evaluated using the jackknife test and sensitivity analysis of AUC. Regarding the validation according to the flood inventory points, the AUC is equal to 0.969. Therefore, the predictive ability of the model is excellent in the study area. The three main variables that played the greatest role in flood risks were land use, height, and slope, and their participation rates are 61%, 12.8%, and 10.4%, respectively. . Conclusion Floods are the most common types of natural disasters that affect people's lives and property globally. In this research, as necessary, the Maxent machine learning approach was used to extract flood susceptibility maps for Ilam province. Using the output of Maxent, a flood sensitivity map was prepared in the province. About 2.06% of the province is located in the high sensitivity area, 4.01% in the medium sensitivity area, and 93.93% is located in the low or no sensitivity area. Due to the mountainous nature of the studied area, the low sensitivity range covers a larger area. Also, the factors that significantly influenced flood sensitivity in the region were identified. The analysis showed that land use changes (61%), altitude (12.8%) and slope (10.4%) were the primary factors affecting flood susceptibility. Slope direction, topographic roughness index, river flow strength index, vegetation and curvature had a negligible effect on flood susceptibility in the study area. Based on the obtained results, 5 cities (Ilam, Sarablah, Dereshahr, Arquaz and Chavar) and about 92 villages were identified in the flood-prone area with high sensitivity. امروزه مخاطرات طیبعی از جمله سیل در کشور خسارات مال و جانی زیادی را به بار می‌آورد. تحلیل ریسک مانند ارزیابی حساسیت سیل یکی از رویکردهای حیاتی برای کاهش اثرات سیل است .روش‌های آماری و یادگیری ماشین راه سریع‌تری برای تولید نقشه‌های دقیق پیش بینی سیل بدون ورودی داده‌های متعدد و الزامات محاسباتی ازقبیل مدل‌های هیدرولوژیکی مبتنی بر فیزیکی ارائه کرده‌اند. به غیر از این روش‌ها، در سال‌های اخیر، محققان از Maxent در ارزیابی خطر سیل استفاده کرده‌اند. استان ایلام که به دلیل توپوگرافی چالش برانگیز با تهدید دائمی سیل که منجر به خسارات اجتماعی و اقتصادی قابل توجهی در سال می شود، مواجه است. بنابراین، در محدوده مطالعاتی استان ایلام، با استفاده از مدل حداکثر آنتروپی (Maxent) نقشه حساسیت سیل تهیه شد. در این مطالعه ترکیبی از 14 لایه محیطی و 148 سیل‌های ثبت شده برای پیاده‌سازی مدل Maxent و تهیه نقشه پهنه بندی حساسیت سیل به کار گرفته است. نقاط رخداد سیل به دو مجموعه تقسیم شدند که 70% برای ساخت مدل و30 % باقی‌مانده برای اعتبارسنجی مدل اختصاص داده شد. نتایج مطالعه نشان داد سه متغیر اصلی کاربری اراضی، ارتفاع و شیب، به ترتیب 61، 8/12. و 4/10 درصد بیشترین تأثیر را در وقوع سیل داشتند. حدود 2.06% منطقه در حساسیت بالا به سیل و 4.01 % در منطقه متوسط و 93.93% در منطقه کم خطر یا بدون خطر قرار گرفت. اهمیت عوامل موثر در وقوع سیل را نیز می توان رتبه بندی کرد. ارزیابی مدل با 969/0 AUC= نشان دهنده‌ی عملکرد بسیار خوب و پیش‌بینی‌های دقیق مدل است. رویکردهای مورد استفاده در این مطالعه می‌تواند بینش‌ها و استراتژی‌های ارزشمندی برای کاهش خطرات بلایای طبیعی ارائه دهد.

https://www.geomorphologyjournal.ir/article_215290_b1062637c41eaf99c5a790ec8c0afbc6.pdf

انجمن ایرانی ژئومورفولوژی پژوهشهای ژئومورفولوژی کمّی 22519424 13 4 2025 03 21 Karstification analysis of karst geomorphology using fuzzy logic models and multivariate linear regression (Dimeh and Pirghar karst masses in Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari provinces) تحلیل توسعه ژئومورفولوژی کارست با استفاده از مدل‌های منطق فازی و رگرسیون خطی چندمتغیره (توده‌های کارستی دیمه و پیرغار در استان چهارمحال و بختیاری) 139 158 214998 10.22034/gmpj.2025.407616.1446 FA فاطمه گراوند دانشجوی دکترای رشته ژئومورفولوژی، دانشکده جغرافیا، دانشگاه تهران، ایران. 0000-0002-0231-9301 مهران مقصودی استاد گروه جغرافیای طبیعی، دانشکده جغرافیا، دانشگاه تهران، ایران. 0000-0002-4973-8327 موسی حسینی دانشیار گروه جغرافیای طبیعی، دانشکده جغرافیا، دانشگاه تهران، ایران. مجتبی یمانی استاد گروه جغرافیای طبیعی، دانشکده جغرافیا، دانشگاه تهران، ایران. 0000-0002-2042-7365 راضیه لک دانشیار پژوهشکده علوم زمین، سازمان زمین شناسی ، تهران، ایران. Journal Article 2023 07 18 Karstification analysis of karst geomorphology using fuzzy logic models and multivariate linear regression (Dimeh and Pirghar karst masses in Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari provinces) Karstification analysis of karst geomorphology using fuzzy logic models and multivariate linear regression (Dimeh and Pirghar karst masses in Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari provinces) Abstract In this research, to analyze the karst geomorphology of Dimeh and Pirghar karst masses in Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province located in the Zagros highlands, karst dolin were first modeled with the closed contour line method (CCLS) in karst masses. Then the modeling of karstification zones has been done using two approaches, fuzzy logic and multivariate linear regression. The validation results of the calculated figures related to the area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) showed that the fuzzy logic model based on the area under the curve (AUC) of both karst massifs has a higher degree of efficiency compared to the multivariate linear regression model. Introduction Preparation of karst surface karstification map has a significant effect on increasing awareness and understanding of quantitative and qualitative characteristics of underground water resources of karst masses. According to the research records conducted in the region, so far in the studies related to the analysis of karst surface karstification in Dimeh and Pirghar karst masses, the topics of karst geomorphology and surface karstification, need to be studied more. The purpose of this research is to identify dolin, to investigate the role and extent of influence of each of the effective factors in the karstification of karst masses, to prepare zoning maps of areas in terms of karst karstification using fuzzy logic models and multivariate linear regression. In addition, to achieve the effectiveness of the above models in studies related to karst geomorphology. Methodology In this study, to analyze the karst geomorphology of Dimeh and Pirghar karst massifs in Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province located in the Zagros highlands, karst dolin were first modeled using the closed contour line method (CCLS) in the studied karst mass. And then, by using the modeling of karst dolin with two approaches, fuzzy logic and multivariable linear regression, this evaluation has been done with the help of the parameters of elevation, slope, aspect, lithology, land use, soil, precipitation, temperature and distance from the fault. Finally, in order to evaluate and validate the accuracy of the results presented from fuzzy logic models and multivariate linear regression in predicting the zoning of areas in terms of karst karstification, Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) quantitative method has been used. Results and discussion The results of the evaluation of surface karstification zoning maps prepared from the fuzzy logic model with karst dolin showed that out of 185 dolin identified in the Pirghar karst mass, 102 dolin are in the area with high karstification and in the Dime karst mass. In addition, out of 140 identified dolin, 83 dolin are located in areas with high karstification. The results of surface karstification zonation maps using multivariate linear regression model with karst dolin out of 185 known dolin in Pirghar karst massif, 94 dolin in the area with high development of surface karstification and out of 140 known dolin in The range of Dime karst massif has been identified as 71 dolin in the area with high development of surface karstification. By modeling karst dolines in Dimeh and Pirghar karst masses, 185 dolines were identified in the area of Pirghar karst mass and 140 dolines were identified in the study area of Dimeh karst mass and their distribution map was prepared. The calculated figures related to the area under the curves (AUC) showed that these models have high diagnostic power to predict karstification zones. However, the fuzzy logic model has obtained a higher AUC score for both karst masses compared to the multivariate linear regression model and has shown better performance. Conclusion Identification of dolin using digital elevation model modeling, in addition to reducing time and costs, has high accuracy and has many applications for aquifers. The evaluation of surface karstification zoning maps prepared with the validation results of the area under the ROC curves showed that the fuzzy logic model has received a higher AUC score for both karst masses compared to the multivariate linear regression model, which shows that the quality it shows better detection and performance of this model. The results of this research are the same as the results of the studies of Moradi et al. (2016), Mokram et al. (2018), Safari et al. (2018) and Dastranj et al. (2018) are the same. Keywords: karst geomorphology, fuzzy logic model, linear regression model, ROC curve, Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari. در این پژوهش، تحلیل توسعه ژئومورفولوژی کارست توده‌های کارستی دیمه و پیرغار در استان چهارمحال و بختیاری با استفاده از مدل‌سازی پهنه‌های کارستی با دو رویکرد منطق فازی و رگرسیون خطی چندمتغیره مورد ارزیابی قرار گرفته است.نتایج ارزیابی نقشه‌های پهنه‌بندی کارست سطحی تهیه شده از مدل منطق فازی با دولین‌های کارستی نشان داد که از 185 دولین‌های شناسایی شده در توده کارستی پیرغار تعداد 102 دولین‌ در پهنه با توسعه زیاد کارست و در توده کارستی دیمه نیز از 140 دولین شناسایی شده 83 دولین در پهنه با توسعه زیاد کارست واقع شده است و همچنین نتایج مدل رگرسیون خطی چند متغیره با دولین‌های کارستی از 185 دولین شناخته شده در محدوده توده کارستی پیرغار نشان داد تعداد 94 دولین را در پهنه با توسعه زیاد کارست سطحی، همچنین از 140 دولین شناخته شده در محدوده توده کارستی دیمه تعداد 71 دولین در پهنه با توسعه زیاد کارست سطحی، شناسایی شده است. با توجه به این که مدل منطق فازی میزان تراکم بیشتری از دولین‌ها را در طبقات کارست با توسعه زیاد و متوسط تشخیص داده است و با نتایج صحت‌سنجی ارقام محاسبه شده مربوط به مساحت زیر منحنی‌های‌ نام منحنی مشخصه عملکرد (ROC) که نشان داد، مدل منطق فازی برای هر دو توده کارستی در مقایسه با مدل رگرسیون خطی چند متغیره درجه کارآیی بالاتری بر اساس سطح زیر منحنی ROC (AUC) داشته است.

https://www.geomorphologyjournal.ir/article_214998_f7d9e08c07ad989d6d6154d83c9cfa5f.pdf

انجمن ایرانی ژئومورفولوژی پژوهشهای ژئومورفولوژی کمّی 22519424 13 4 2025 03 21 Analysis of the relationship between the characteristics of different surfaces of the Marvast alluvial fans and the morphometry of the Bavanat-Madvar catchments تحلیل ارتباط بین ویژگی سطوح مختلف مخروط افکنه‌های مروست با مورفومتری حوضه‌های آبریز بوانات- مدوار 159 180 216472 10.22034/gmpj.2025.490263.1537 FA محسن کارگریان مروستی دانشجوی دکتری ژئومورفولوژی، گروه جغرافیا، دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد، مشهد، ایران. ندا محسنی دانشیار ژئومورفولوژی، گروه جغرافیا، دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد، مشهد، ایران. 0000-0003-0691-9408 Journal Article 2024 11 23 Introduction Alluvial fans are considered to be among the most prominent geomorphic landforms of arid and semi-arid regions. Due to the dominance of arid and semi-arid climatic conditions, numerous alluvial fans are observed in the western and eastern parts of the Sefidkooh and Siahkouh slopes in Yazd province. This study aims to identify active and inactive alluvial fans in the study area and analyze the morphometric relationship between different surfaces of alluvial fans and catchment characteristics. Initially, by using geomorphological indicators including sediment color, drainage pattern, and surface morphology, the active and inactive surfaces of alluvial fans were distinguished. Then, the catchment area and related alluvial fans were determined using satellite images. In the study of the morphology of the catchment, the factors of area, perimeter, average elevation, elevation difference, basin slope, basin length, total length of watercourses, main watercourse length, basin shape factor, main watercourse slope, and drainage density were extracted. For the analysis of the morphometric characteristics of the alluvial fan surfaces, area, volume, cone apex height, cone length, cone slope, and base length were extracted. Finally, by using linear regression, the relationship between the morphometric characteristics of alluvial fans with active and inactive surfaces and the characteristics of the catchments was analyzed. Methodology The study area is located in the center of Iran, 180 km from Yazd province. The area of the region covers 34,000 hectares. Marvast County is located in south of Yazd province, between Mehriz and Khatam. The average elevation of the region is 1,520 masl. the average annual precipitation is 75 mm, and the average annual temperature is 17.5 degrees Celsius. Field observations and Google Earth images were used to identify alluvial fan surfaces in terms of relative age. In total, active and inactive surfaces were distinguished using indicators such as drainage patterns, weathering indices, morphology or surface topography, and sediment brightness. The morphometric factors of the basin, including the area and perimeter of the basin, elevation difference, average elevation, basin slope, maximum basin length, main waterway length, and total waterway length, were calculated. Morphometric factors of alluvial fans including area, cone apex height, cone length, cone slope, and base length were further calculated. Results and discussion In general, the drainage pattern in active alluvial fans has a branched distribution, while in inactive surfaces, channels are formed in a convergent or dendritic network. Active surfaces of alluvial fans are lighter in color than inactive or older surfaces due to less weathering. On the older surfaces, channels and gullies lead to the development of surface topography and valleys and ridges. In young and active surfaces, the morphology is smoother and channels and ridges are less visible. Statistical analysis of the morphometric characteristics of the study area indicates a relatively high correlation between the area of the basin and the area of the alluvial fans so that with the increase in the area of each basin, the area of the alluvial fan associated with it increases. Conclusion Alluvial fans are considered to be among the most prominent geomorphic landforms of arid and semi-arid regions. Due to the dominance of arid and semi-arid climatic conditions, numerous alluvial fans are observed in the western and eastern parts of the Sefidkooh and Siahkouh slopes in Yazd province. To analyze and investigate the effect of the morphometric characteristics of watersheds on the morphometric characteristics of active and inactive alluvial fans, an attempt was made to present the morphometric factors affecting the development and evolution of alluvial fans surfaces. For this purpose, the variables of area, perimeter, elevation difference, average elevation, basin slope, basin length, the total length of the watercourse, length of the main watercourse, basin shape coefficient, and main watercourse slope were calculated and measured separately, and the relationship between the morphometric characteristics of active and inactive alluvial fans with the morphometric characteristics of the basins was investigated. The largest volume of alluvial fans is formed by the Bavanat watershed in the western part of the region. The volume of active alluvial fans increases from the south of the region to the north. The results of the relationship between each factor and the dimensions of active alluvial fans show that the factors of area, environment, and drainage density of watersheds have a higher correlation and have the greater impact on the development of the morphometric characteristics of active alluvial fans. Further, in the case of inactive or older alluvial fans, the results were similar to active surfaces, so it can be said that the shape of the alluvial fans in the region has been strongly influenced by the morphometric characteristics of the watershed. در استان یزد نسل های متعددی از مخروط افکنه‌ها در قسمت‌های غربی و شرقی مروست متعلق به حوضه‌های آبریز بوانات و مدوار تشکیل شده است. هدف از مطالعه حاضر بررسی نقش مورفومتری حوضه آبریز در تحول سطوح مخروط افکنه‌های فعال و غیرفعال می‌باشد. با استفاده از شاخص‌های ژئومورفولوژیک سطوح مختلف تفکیک شد. ویژگی‌های مورفومتری مخروط افکنه‌ها و حوضه‌های آبریز محاسبه شدند. همبستگی منفی بین مساحت حوضه آبریز و شیب مخروط افکنه‌های فعال بیانگر شکل گیری سطوح جدیدتر با شیب زیاد در حوضه‌های کوچک‌تر می‌باشد. همبستگی مثبت مساحت حوضه با شیب مخروط افکنه‌های غیر فعال بیانگر این است که با افزیش مساحت حوضه، شیب مخروط های قدیمی‌تر بیشتر می‌شود. همبستگی منفی شیب حوضه با مساحت و حجم مخروط-افکنه‌های غیر فعال نشان می‌دهد سطوح قدیمی‌تر، با گذشت زمان پایداری بیشتری یافته و شرایط تثبیت رسوب‌گذاری و افزایش رسوبات ریزدانه‌تر ناشی از هوادیدگی موجب کاهش رواناب و تراکم زهکشی شده است. همبستگی مثبت شیب حوضه با مساحت و حجم مخروط‌افکنه‌های فعال بیانگر افزایش انتقال رسوب در طی فرایندهای سیلابی، همراه با نرخ پائین نفوذپذیری در رسوبات واریزه‌ای و غیرهوادیده در سطوح جدیدتر زمینه رشد و گسترش سطوح فعال را فراهم می‌آورد. مطالعه‌ی تفکیک سطوح مخروط افکنه‌ها و ارتباط ویژگی‌های آنها با مورفومتری حوضه آبریز می‌تواند اولین اقدام موثر در مدیریت چشم‌اندازها و منابع طبیعی و شناسایی مناطق مستعد سیلاب باشد. همچنین در زمینه برنامه ریزی کاربری اراضی، مخروط‌افکنه‌ها به‌دلیل مواد رسوبی غنی و دسترسی به منابع آبهای زیرزمینی و بنابراین توسعه کاربری‌های کشاورزی، بشدت مستعد وقوع انواع مخاطرات مانند فرسایش، زمین لغزش، جریانات واریزه‌ای و سیلاب می‌باشند. بطوریکه شناسایی این لندفرم‌ها و عوامل موثر بر ناپایداری سطوح قدیمی و جدید می‌تواند زمینه ساز تصمیمات بهینه در زمینه بهره برداری از این چشم‌انداز ها بوده، ضمن اینکه مخروط‌افکنه‌‌های قدیمی آرشیوهای ارزشمندی برای بازسازی‌های محیطی گذشته مرتبط با تغییرات اقلیمی و زمین‌شناختی دوران‌ کواترنری می‌باشند.

https://www.geomorphologyjournal.ir/article_216472_9b5c3cc09282493f059c678c505dee2b.pdf

انجمن ایرانی ژئومورفولوژی پژوهشهای ژئومورفولوژی کمّی 22519424 13 4 2025 03 21 Geomorphological Analysis Utilizing Surfacein interrupture Theory: The Central and Eastern Kopeh Dagh Region تحلیل ژئومورفولوژیک منطقه کپه داغ با استفاده از تئوری گسیختگی سطحی 181 203 217066 10.22034/gmpj.2025.493524.1540 FA مرتضی رضایی عارفی دانشجوی دکترای ژئومورفولوژی، گروه جغرافیای طبیعی، دانشکده جغرافیا، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران. 0009-0005-0618-3834 ابراهیم مقیمی استاد گروه جغرافیای طبیعی، دانشکده جغرافیا، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران. منصور جعفر بگلو دانشیار گروه جغرافیای طبیعی، دانشکده جغرافیا، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران. سید موسی حسینی دانشیار گروه جغرافیای طبیعی، دانشکده جغرافیا، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران. مجید فخری سازمان جغرافیایی نیروهای مسلح، تهران، ایران. Journal Article 2024 12 11 The Kopet Dagh region, a tectonically active area in northeastern Iran, presents a unique landscape for studying surface rupture potential and hydrogeomorphological processes. This study employs advanced geomorphometric analysis techniques to investigate the complex interplay between topography, tectonics, and surface processes in this semi-arid environment. Utilizing high-resolution Digital Elevation Models (DEMs), we derive and analyze key geomorphometric parameters, including elevation, slope, and aspect, to characterize the region's topographic features and their implications for surface rupture and water resource management. Our methodology integrates custom Python scripts for DEM processing, statistical analyses, and visualization techniques. We employ downsampling methods to efficiently process large datasets while maintaining data integrity, and apply robust statistical measures to quantify uncertainty in our findings. The study area, covering approximately 35,595 square kilometers, exhibits an elevation range of 2,608 meters, from 354 to 2,962 meters above sea level. Results reveal a diverse landscape with a mean elevation of 1,365.97 meters and a mean slope of 4.88° ± 0.01° (SEM). The presence of very steep slopes (up to 89.60°) suggests areas of potential instability and high erosion risk, possibly associated with recent tectonic activity or surface rupture events. The predominant east-northeast facing slope orientation (mean aspect 71.13° ± 0.03° SEM) provides insights into structural controls on topography and potential surface rupture patterns. This study contributes to the field by providing a comprehensive geomorphometric characterization of the Kopet Dagh region, offering valuable insights for seismic hazard assessment, land-use planning, and water resource management. The integration of advanced geospatial techniques with geomorphological analysis presents an innovative approach to studying tectonically active regions, with potential applications to similar environments worldwide.The Kopet Dagh region, characterized by its complex geological formations and dynamic hydrogeomorphological processes, presents a unique opportunity for analyzing surface interruptions and their implications on landscape evolution. This study employs advanced computational techniques to analyze Digital Elevation Models (DEMs) and derive critical geomorphometric parameters that inform our understanding of surface interruption phenomena. Our research aims to integrate terrain analysis with hydrogeomorphological assessments, focusing on the identification of potential fault lines and the evaluation of terrain metrics such as slope and aspect. The methodologies utilized herein are based on robust algorithms that process DEM data to extract meaningful geological insights. By examining surface interruptions in the Kopet Dagh region, we seek to elucidate the relationships between topography, geological structures, and hydrological processes. This approach not only enhances our comprehension of the region's geomorphological evolution but also provides valuable insights into potential geological hazards and their impacts on water resources. The study leverages high-resolution DEMs and applies a series of geospatial analyses to quantify and visualize terrain characteristics. These analyses include the calculation of slope gradients, aspect orientations, and curvature metrics, all of which are crucial for identifying areas prone to surface interruptions. Through this research, we aim to contribute to the broader understanding of geomorphological processes in tectonically active regions and demonstrate the utility of surface interruption theory in interpreting landscape features. The findings of this study have implications for land-use planning, water resource management, and natural hazard assessment in the Kopet Dagh region and similar geological settings worldwide. Methodology The analysis is executed through a series of well-defined steps using Python programming, specifically leveraging libraries such as rasterio, numpy, matplotlib, and scipy. The following sections outline the key components of the methodology: 1. Data Acquisition: - The study utilizes Digital Elevation Model (DEM) data sourced from the Kopet Dagh region. The DEM is crucial for calculating terrain metrics that are indicative of surface stability and potential interruption zones. 2. Terrain Metrics Calculation: - The program employs a function (calculate_terrain_metrics) to compute essential geomorphometric parameters: - Slope: Calculated using numerical gradients, providing insights into terrain steepness. - Aspect: Derived from slope calculations, indicating the direction of maximum slope. - Curvature: Analyzed using second derivatives to understand surface shape. - Topographic Position Index (TPI) and Terrain Ruggedness Index (TRI): These metrics assess local elevation variations and landscape complexity. 3. Surface Interruption Identification: - The function identify_potential_faults integrates calculated terrain metrics to identify areas prone to surface interruption. This function employs edge detection algorithms (Canny) and morphological operations (skeletonization) to enhance interruption identification. - A combined metric is derived through weighted normalization, emphasizing slope, curvature, TPI, TRI, and entropy. 4. Processing in Tiles: - To manage large datasets effectively, the program processes the DEM in tiles, optimizing memory usage while ensuring comprehensive coverage across the study area. 5. Output Generation: - The results are saved as GeoTIFF files (potential_interruptions.tif and combined_metric.tif), which can be further analyzed using GIS software. - Visualization of results is achieved through matplotlib, producing informative plots that illustrate potential interruption locations and terrain metrics. This methodology provides a robust framework for analyzing the geomorphology of the Kopet Dagh region using surface interruption theory, enabling a comprehensive assessment of the landscape's characteristics and potential geological hazards. منطقه کپه داغ، یک ناحیه فعال تکتونیکی در شمال شرق ایران، چشم‌اندازی منحصر به فرد برای مطالعه پتانسیل گسیختگی سطحی و فرآیندهای هیدروژئومورفولوژیکی ارائه می‌دهد. این مطالعه با استفاده از تکنیک‌های پیشرفته تحلیل ژئومورفومتری به بررسی تعامل پیچیده بین توپوگرافی، تکتونیک و فرآیندهای سطحی در این محیط نیمه‌خشک می‌پردازد. با بهره‌گیری از مدل‌های رقومی ارتفاعی (DEM) با وضوح بالا، پارامترهای کلیدی ژئومورفومتری از جمله ارتفاع، شیب و جهت شیب را استخراج و تحلیل می‌کنیم تا ویژگی‌های توپوگرافی منطقه و پیامدهای آن برای گسیختگی سطحی و مدیریت منابع آب را مشخص کنیم. در این روش‌شناسی ما به دنبال پردازش DEM، تحلیل‌های آماری و تکنیک‌های تجسم‌سازی با ادغام آنها و استفاده از اسکریپت های پایتون می باشیم. ما از روش‌های نمونه‌برداری کاهشی برای پردازش کارآمد مجموعه داده‌های بزرگ با حفظ یکپارچگی داده‌ها استفاده می‌کنیم و معیارهای آماری قوی را برای کمی‌سازی عدم قطعیت در یافته‌هایمان به کار می‌بریم. منطقه مورد مطالعه، با پوشش تقریبی 35,595 کیلومتر مربع، دامنه ارتفاعی 2,608 متری را از 354 تا 2,962 متر بالاتر از سطح دریا نشان می‌دهد.وجود شیب‌های بسیار تند (تا 89.60°) نشان‌دهنده مناطقی با پتانسیل ناپایداری و خطر فرسایش بالا است که احتمالاً با فعالیت تکتونیکی اخیر یا رویدادهای گسیختگی سطحی مرتبط است. جهت شیب غالب به سمت حدود جنوب، بینش‌هایی درباره کنترل‌های ساختاری بر توپوگرافی و الگوهای بالقوه گسیختگی سطحی ارائه می‌دهد. ترکیب تکنیک‌های پیشرفته ژئوسپیشیال(مکانی-فضایی) با تحلیل ژئومورفولوژیکی، رویکردی نوآورانه برای مطالعه مناطق فعال تکتونیکی ارائه می‌دهد که کاربردهای بالقوه‌ای در محیط‌های مشابه در سراسر جهان دارد. لذا با عنایت به درک صحیح از ژئومورفولوژی و چارچوب های روش شناختی پیشنهاد می شود که با رویکردهای پژوهشی نوین گامی در جهت شناخت سیستمی، برنامه ریزی منطقه ای، کاهش خطر و مدیریت منابع آب در این منطقه پیچیده زمین‌شناختی و حساس زیست‌محیطی برداشته شود.

https://www.geomorphologyjournal.ir/article_217066_7cde4279977563aa94efbe45c160553e.pdf