پژوهشهای ژئومورفولوژی کمّی

پژوهشهای ژئومورفولوژی کمّی

رابطه‌ی بین سن مخروط‌افکنه‌ها و پارامترهای مقاومتی خاک‌های تجمع یافته در آن‌ها

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان
امجد ملکی 1
کاظم بهرامی 2
سولماز مرادی 3
1 دانشیار گروه جغرافیای طبیعی، دانشکده ادبیات علوم انسانی، دانشگاه رازی، کرمانشاه.
2 دکتری مهندسی زمین شناسی، دانشکده علوم زمین، دانشگاه خوارزمی.
3 دانشجوی کارشناسی ارشد، ژئومورفولوژی، دانشکده ادبیات علوم انسانی، دانشگاه رازی، کرمانشاه.
10.22034/gmpj.2024.426284.1467
چکیده
فرآیندهای ژئومورفولوژی با تأثیر در ویژگی‌ رسوبات موجود در مخروط‌افکنه‌ها باعث تغییر در پارامترهای مقاومتی خاک، ازجمله چسبندگی و زاویه اصطکاک داخلی می‌شوند. با توجه به هدف پژوهش حاضر ابتدا از طریق نقشه‌های زمین‌شناسی، تصاویر ماهواره‌ایی و بازدیدهای میدانی، سپس بر اساس شواهد ژئومورفولوژی دو مخروط‌افکنه حوضه قلعه شاهین و دیره که دارای بخش‌های قدیمی و جدید می‌باشد انتخاب گردید. نمونه‌برداری از سه بخش رأس، میانه و پایین‌دست بخش‌های قدیمی و جدید مخروط‌افکنه‌ها صورت گرفته است. نتایج بررسی شکل ذرات نشان می‌دهد از بالادست به سمت پایین‌دست ذرات متأثر از فرآیند‌های ژئومورفولوژی به‌صورت گرد شده، هم بعد، ریزدانه و دارای بافت سطحی صاف هستند. با توجه به آزمایش برش مستقیم میزان زاویه اصطکاک داخلی از ˚38.1 در بالادست تا ˚27.4 در پایین‌دست مخروط‌افکنه‌ها متغیر است. درنتیجه میزان زاویه اصطکاک داخلی از بالادست به سمت پایین‌دست رو به کاهش خواهد بود. همچنین مطابق با نتایج آزمایش مقاومت تراکمی تک‌محوری میزان چسبندگی ذرات از kpa45 در بالادست تا kpa150 در پایین‌دست متغیر است. به‌طوری‌که از بالادست به سمت پایین‌دست، میزان چسبندگی ذرات خاک در مخروط‌افکنه‌ها افزایش‌یافته است
کلیدواژه‌ها
مخروط‌افکنه‌های قدیمی و جدید
فرآیند‌های ژئومورفولوژی چسبندگی
زاویه اصطکاک داخلی

عنوان مقاله English

The relationship between the age of alluvial fans and the resistance parameters of accumulated soils

نویسندگان English

amjad maleki 1
Kazem Bahrami 2
Soulmaz Moradi 3
1 Physical Geography Department, Faculty of Literature & Humanities Science, University of Razi, Kermanshah
2 Department of earth science. kharazmi university.
3 Department of Geography, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran.
چکیده English

The relationship between the age of alluvial fans and the resistance parameters of accumulated soils(acase study: alluvial fans on the edge of Daneh-Khoshk anticline)

Maleki A .

Ph.D., Associate professor, Dep. of Geography, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran.

Bahrami K.

Ph.D., Assistant professor, Dep. of Geography, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran.

Moradi S.

Postgraduate student., Dep. of Geography, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran.





Abstract

Geomorphological processes, by affecting the characteristics of sediments in alluvial fans, cause changes in soil resistance parameters, including adhesion and internal friction angle. According to the purpose of the present research, first through geological maps, satellite images and field visits, then based on the geomorphological evidence, two alluvial fans basins of Qaleh Shahin and Deira basins, which have old and new parts, were selected. Sampling has been done from the top, middle and downstream parts of the old and new parts of the conifers. The results of examining the shape of the particles show that from upstream to downstream, the particles affected by geomorphological processes are rounded, dimensional, fine-grained and have a smooth surface texture. According to the direct cutting test, the internal friction angle varies from 38.1 ˚ in the upstream to 27.4 ˚ in the downstream of the alluvial fans cones. As a result, the internal friction angle will decrease from upstream to downstream. Also, according to the results of the uniaxial compressive strength test, the adhesion of particles varies from 45 kpa in the upstream to 150 kpa in the downstream. So that from upstream to downstream, the amount of adhesion of soil particles in alluvial fans has increased. As a result of the present research, by examining the geomorphological and geotechnical characteristics of the accumulated soils in alluvial fans deposits, it can be considered from the relationships obtained in locating the best options for development plans and the implementation of construction projects, including the macro issues of urban management, industrial estates, and the use of environmental planners.



Extended Abstract

Introduction

Alluvial fans are very important in terms of settlement and human activities as well as scientific research. alluvial fans are divided into old and new alluvial cones in terms of age. Different parts of a cone are also different in age. alluvial fans are divided into new and old parts based on geomorphological evidence such as drainage pattern, color tone in satellite images, topographical condition, grain and stone surface varnish, vegetation, etc. Geomorphological processes change the characteristics of sediments in alluvial deposits The characteristics of sediment particles, including their size and roundness, are different according to geomorphological processes in different environments.Paying attention to the importance of conifer sediments and also mentioning that there have not been many researches in the field of geomorphological processes in relation to soil engineering. Therefore, the aim of this research is to investigate the effect of geomorphological processes with emphasis on soil resistance characteristics in old and new alluvial deposits

Methodology

In this research, an inductive-experimental method has been used to compare the sedimentary structure of old and new alluvial fans with the geotechnical characteristics of the accumulated soils. Considering that the old and new parts of the upstream basin are the same in each alluvial fan, the sediments in each alluvial fan have relatively the same composition in terms of lithology. Sampling has been done from the top, middle and downstream parts of the old and new parts in both conifers. The samples were transferred to the laboratory and after the samples were granulated, a direct shear test according to ASTM D3080 standard and a uniaxial compression test according to ASTM 2166 standard were performed on the reconstructed samples.

Results and Discussion

the old alluvial fans have a darker tone due to the weathered sediments in the satellite images, and due to the process of sedimentation and erosion, the morphology is more uneven and has more topography. Due to the dominance of erosion and dissolution, old and inactive alluvial fans have more soil and more weathered cover than new alluvial fans. Due to erosion, the drainage network pattern in old alluvial deposits is convergent or tree network, and in active alluvial deposits, the drainage pattern is divergent or distributed

According to the direct cutting test, the internal friction angle varies from ˚38.1 degrees in the upstream to ˚27.4 degrees in the downstream of the cones. Also, according to the results of the uniaxial compressive strength test, the amount of particle adhesion varies from 45 kpa in the upstream to 150 kpa in the downstream.

Conclusion

The results obtained from examining the shape of the particles show that from upstream to downstream, the particles are rounded and dimensional under the influence of geomorphological processes, including weathering and erosion. Also, increasing the percentage of cement on the surface of the particles also causes the surface texture to deteriorate and reduce the size of the grains.

The results of investigations carried out in the direct cutting test state that the changes in the internal friction angle of particles affected by geomorphological processes are different in different parts of the old and new conifers. So that the amount of internal friction angle in old alluvial deposits is higher than the new ones due to the sedimentation process and the internal friction angle has decreased from upstream to downstream in old and new alluvial deposits.

The results of the uniaxial compressive strength test also show that according to the changes of geomorphological parameters, the adhesion of particles in old alluvium is more than new. In such a way that the adhesion of particles increases from upstream to downstream in old and new cone sprinklers. In addition to this, the uniaxial compressive strength of old siltstones is higher than that of new siltstones due to the coarser surface texture and higher percentage of clay particles



Keywords: old and new alluvial fans, geomorphological processes, angle of internal friction, adhesion

کلیدواژه‌ها English

Old and new alluvial cones
adhesion geomorphological processes
internal friction angle
امینی، س، صدوق، ح، بهرامی، ش، محرابیان، الف، نصرتی، ک، 1399، بررسی رابطه پراکنش جوامع گیاهی با ویژگی­های فیزیکی و شیمیایی خاک در لندفرم­های سطح مخروط­افکنه­­های جنوب غربی میامی، پژوهش­های ژئومورفولوژی کمی، دوره 9، شماره 2، صص 43-21.
برجسته، ص، عابدینی، م، اصغری، ص، 1396، بررسی پیدایش و تحول مخروط­افکنه­های دامنه جنوبی میشو داغ آذربایجان شرقی با تأکید بر فعالیت‌های نیوتکتونیکی، سومین کنگره بین‌المللی علوم زمین و توسعه شهری و اولین کنفرانس هنر، معماری و مدیریت شهری تهران. https://civilica.com/doc/688568
بهرامی، ک، فاطمی عقدا، س، نورزاد، ع، تلخابلو، م، 1398، بررسی ارتباط بین ویژگی‌های گوشه‌داری، بافت سطحی و وجود ریزترک در سنگ‌دانه‌های طبیعی با مساحت، شیب و طول آبراهه اصلی در حوضه بالادست مخروط­افکنه­های واقع در شمال دشت دیره، نشریه پژوهش‌های دانش زمین، دوره 10، شماره 38، صص 212-196.
چشمی، ا، خان محمدی، ن، نصیری، الف، 1390، بررسی رابطه زاویه اصطکاک داخلی و شکل ذرات با استفاده از آزمایش‌های آزمایشگاهی و عکس‌برداری، از دانه‌ها، مجله انجمن زمین‌شناسی مهندسی ایران، جلد 4، شماره 1 و 2، صص 27-38.
درفشی، خ، شعبانی نیا، ح، 1401، میکرو مورفولوژی رسوبات آبرفتی متأثر از فرآیندهای خاک­زایی، تکنیکی نو در مطالعات ژئومورفولوژی (مطالعه موردی: حوضه آبخیز سقز)، پژوهش­های ژئومورفولوژی کمی، دوره 11، شماره 4، صص 131-146.
صادقی، ح، 1382، زمین‌شناسی مهندس، موسسه چاپ و انتشارات دانشگاه امام حسین (ع) تهران، صص 418
صالحی­پورمیلانی، ع، بشکنی، زا، 1399، تحلیل روابط کمی بین ویژگی‌های مورفومتری مخروط­افکنه­های ساحلی با حوضه آبخیز (مطالعه موردی؛ واحد ژئومورفولوژیکی تالش)، پژوهش‌های ژئومورفولوژی کمی، دوره 8، شماره 4، صص 112-130.
صدوق، ح، حسین زاده، م، رضایی، خ، رحمانی، ا، چزغه، س، 1397، تأثیرات ناشی از ساختار رسوبی مخروط­افکنه­ها بر ویژگی­های مکانیکی و مهندسی خاک (مطالعه موردی: مخروط­افکنه­های چیتگر و کن)، پژوهش­های ژئومورفولوژی کمی، دوره 7، شماره 3، صص 1-17.
عابدینی، م، رجایی، ع، 1385، بررسی نقش عوامل مؤثر در گسترش و تکامل مخروط­افکنه­های ارتفاعات دره دیز-دیوان داغی با استفاده از روش­ها و تکنیک­های جدید، پژوهش‌های جغرافیایی، دوره 38، شماره 55، صص 89-73.
علائی طالقانی، م، 1381، ژئومورفولوژی ایران، انتشارات قومس، صص 147.
مقصودی، م، محمد نژاد آروق، و، 1392، ژئومورفولوژی مخروط­افکنه­ها، انتشارات دانشگاه تهران، صص 223.
موسوی، م، خطیب، م، یوسفی، م، 1396، تأثیر فعالیت‌های تکتونیکی بر مورفولوژی مخروط­افکنه­های شمال بیرجند، پژوهش­های ژئومورفولوژی کمی، دوره 6، شماره 3، صص 60-73.
یمانی، م، مقصودی، م، قاسمی، م، محمد نژاد، و، 1391، شواهد مورفولوژیکی تأثیر تکتونیک فعال بر مخروط­افکنه­های شمال دامغان، پژوهش‌های جغرافیای طبیعی، سال 44، شماره 2، پیاپی 80، صص 1-18.
Alberti, A.P.E.R., Gomes, A., Trenhail, A., (2013). Correlating river terrace remnant using an Equotip hardness tester: an example from the Mino River, northwestern Iberian Peninsula. Geomorphology, 192, 59-70.
Bahrami, K., Fatemi Aghda, S.M., Noorzad, A., Talkhablou., (2018). Investigation of abrasion and impact resistance of aggregates in different environments in Direh, Kermanshah, Iran, Geomorphology, 37, 2015-2028.
Bahrami, K., Fatemi Aghda, S.M., Noorzad, A., Talkhablou., (2019). Effect of morphometric characteristics of catchments on the aggregates resistance of freeze- thaw and sodium sulfate soundness: a case study of alluvial fans of Direh, Kermanshah, Iran, Iranian Journal of Science and Technology, 2, 137-155.
Bahrami, Sh., (2013). Tectonic controls on the morphometry of alluvial fans around Danehkoshk anticline, Zagros, Iran, Geomorphology, 180, 217-230.
Bahrami, Sh., Fatemi Aghda, S.M., Bahrami, K., Motamedi Rad, M. and Poorhashemi, S., (2015). Effects of weathering and Litology on the quality of aggregate in the alluvial fans of northeast Rivand, Sabzevar, Iran, Geomorphology, 241, 19-30.
Blair, T.C,. (2003). Features and origin of the giant Cucomungo canyon alluvial fans, eureka calley, California. in: Chan MA, Archer AW (eds.) Extreme depositional environments: mega end members in geologic time. Geological Society of America Special Paper, 370, 105-126.
Blair, T.C., Mcpherson, J.G., (2009). Processes and frams of alluvial fans. Chapter 14 in: Parsons, A.J., Abrahams, A.D. )Eds(, Geomorphology and Desert, Environments, 413- 467.
Blair,T.C., (1987). Tectonic and hydrologic controls on cyclic alluvial fan, fluvial, and lacustrine rift-basin sedimentation, Jurassic-lowermost Cretaceous Todos santos formation ,chiapas mexico. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, 57, 845-862.
Bland, W., Rolls, D. (1993). Weathering Arnold, London, 281.
Bouchez, J., Gaillardet, J., France- Lanord, C., (2011). Grain size control of river suspended sediment geochemistry: clues from Amazon River depth profiles. G-cubed, 12(3), 1-24.
Bull, W. B.,  (2009). Tectonically active landscape, John Wiley & Sons Publication, New York.
Chelli, A., Bordoni, M., Cappadoni, C., Pepe, G., Rotigliano, E., Smith, M., (2021). Geomorphological tools for mapping natural hazards, Journal of  Maps, 17(3), 1-4.
Cho, G. C., Dodds, J., Santamarina, J. C., (2006). Particle shape effects on packing density, stiffness, and strength: natural and crushed sands. Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering ASCE, 591-601.
Field. John., (2001). Channel avulsion on alluvial fans in southern Arizon. Geomorphology, 37, 93-104.
Frankel, K.L., Dolan, J.F., (2007). Characterizing arid region alluvial fans surface roughness with airborne Iaser swath mapping digital topographic data. Journal of Geophysical Research, 112, 25.
Garzanti, E., Padoan, M., Ando, S., (2013). Weathering and relative durability of detrital minerals in equatorial climat: sand petrology and geochemistry in the east african rift. Journal Geol, 121(6), 547-580
Garzanti, E., Resentini, A., (2016). Provenance control on chemical indices of weathering (Taiwan river sands). Sediment. Geol, 336, 81-95.
Harvey, A., (2018). Alluvial fans. In: Reference module in earth systems and environmental scienes.
Harvey, A.M., (2002). The role of base- Level change in the dissection of  alluvial fans: case studies from southeast Spain and Nevada. Geomorphology, 45, 67-87.
Hessami, K., Nilforoushan, F., Talbot, C.J., (2006). Active deformation within the Zagros mountains deduced from GPS measurements. Journal of the Geological Society, London, 163, 143-148.
Hillel, D., Rosenzweig, C., Powlson, D., Scow, K., Singer, M., Sparks, D., (2004). Encyclopedia of soils in the environment. Columbia University.
Hooke. Rogerleb., (2014). Process on arid-region alluvial fans, the university of chicago. The Journal of Gelogg, 438-460.
House, P. k., (2005). Using geology to improve flood hazard management on alluvial fans- an example from Laughlin, Nevada. Journal of American Water Resources Association, 41 (6),1431-1447.
Houston. J., (2002). Groundwater recharge through an alluvial fan in the Atacama Desert, northern Chile: mechanisms, magnitudes and causes. Hydrological Processes, 16, 3019-3035.
Hsu. L., Pelletier. J., (2004). Correlation and dating of quaternary alluvial fans surface using scarp diffusion. Geomorphology, 60, 319-335.
Iacoboucci, G., Delchiaro, M., Troiani, F., Davide, N., (2024). Land-surfac quantitative analysis for mapping and deciphering the construction processes of piedmont alluvial fans in the Anti-Lebanon Mountains, Geomorphology, 453, 1-18.
Jiang, D. Zhang, S. Ding, R., (2021). Weathering process of the alluvial fans in western sichuan basin, eastern margin of the Tibetan plateau, Natural Hazards Research, 1, 36-47.
Karimi, H., Raeisi, E., Bakalowicz., M.,(2005). Characterising the main karst aquifers of the Alvand basin, Northwest of Zagros, Iran, by a hydrogeochemical approach. Hydrogeology Journal, 13, 787-799.
Kasha Chen, T.Y, Hung, C.Y, Mullenach, J, Hill, K., (2022). Influence of fine particle content in debris flows on alluvial fan morphology. Nature Portfolio, 2730, 11.
Keller, E.A. & Pinter, N., (1999). Active tectonics- earthquakes, uplift, and landscape, New Jersey, 338.
Kober, F., Zeilinger, G., Ivy-Ochs, S., Dolati, A., Smit, J. and Kubik, P.W., (2013). Climatic and tectonic control on fluvial and alluvial fan sequence formation in the Central Makran Range, SE-Iran: Global and planetary change, 111, 133-149.
Langer, W.H., Drew, L.J., & Sachs, J.S., (2004), Aggregate and the environment: American Geological Insitue Environmental Awareness Series ,No, 8, 64.
Lindsey, D.W., & Melick, R., (2002). Reconnaissance of alluvial fans as potential sources of gravel aggregate, Santa Cruz river valley, Southeast Arizona: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 020314, 44.
Linh Ngo, T.M, Wang, S.J., Chen, P.Y., (2024). Assessment of future climate change impacts on groundwater recharge using hydrological modeling in the choushui river alluvial fan, Taiwan, Water, 16, 419, 1-17.
Lucy E. Clarke., (2015). Experimental alluvial fans: advances in understanding of fan dynamics and processes. Geomorphology, 244, 135-145.
Man, T., Le, J.L., Marasteanu, M., Hill, K. (2021). Two-scale discrete element modeling of gyratory compaction of hot mix asphalt. Journal Eng. Mech, 1061, 1943-7889.
Piraste, S., Pradhan, B., Rizvi, S.M.,(2011). Tectonic processanalysis in Zagros Mountain with the aid of drainage networks and topography maps dated 1950-2001 in GIS. Arabian Journal of Geoscience, 4(1-2), 171-180.
Quigley. M.C., Sandiford. M, Cupper. M.L. (2007). Distinguishing tectonic from climatic controls on range-front sedimentation. Basin Research, 19(4), 491-505.
Rachoki. A.H., & Church.M, (1990). alluvial fan: a field approach, John Wiley and Sons.
Rahan, P.H., (1936). Engineering geology: an environmental approach.
Ramsey, L.A., Walker, R.T., Jackson, J., (2008). Fold evolution and drainage development in the Zagros mountains of Fars province, SEIran. Basin Research, 20. 23-48.
Ritz, J.F., Nazari, H., Balescu, S., Lamothe, M., Salamati, R., Ghassemi, A., Shafei, A., Ghorashi, M., and Saidi, A., (2012). Paleoearthquakes of the past 30,000 years along the North Tehran Fault (Iran): Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 117, B06305.
Santamarina, J.C., & Cho, G.C. ,(2004). Soil behavior: the role of particle shape proc. Skempton confect., march, London, 14.
Scally, F. A; Owens. I.F.( 2005). Depositional processes and particle characteristics on fans in the Sooithern Alps. New Zealand; Geomorphology, 69, 46-56.
Schick, A.P., (1999). Hydrologic processes and Geomorphic constraints on urbanization of alluvial fans slopes, Geomorphology, 31, 325-335.
Shin, H, & Santamarina, J.C., (2013). Role of particle angularity on the mechanical behavior of granular Mixtures. Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering ASCE, 353-555.
Ventra, D., Clarke, L., (2018). Geology and geomorphology of alluvial and fluvial fans:terrestrial and planetary perspectives. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 440, 1 - 21.
پژوهشهای ژئومورفولوژی کمّی
دوره 13، شماره 2
پاییز 1403
صفحه 89-105